Hangzhou, May 26th (Reporter Lu Le Ji Yuya) On the 26th, the provincial vocational education conference was held in Hangzhou. The meeting thoroughly implemented the spirit of the important instructions of the Supreme Leader General Secretary on vocational education, comprehensively implemented the spirit of the National Vocational Education Conference, summed up work, exchanged experiences, and studied and deployed the next stage of work. Yuan Jiajun, secretary of the provincial party committee, and Wang Hao, deputy secretary of the provincial party committee and governor, gave instructions. Huang Jianfa, Deputy Secretary of the Provincial Party Committee, made a speech.

　　Yuan Jiajun’s instructions stressed that the front of vocational education in the province should effectively unify thoughts and actions with the spirit of the important instructions of the Supreme Leader General Secretary on vocational education, adhere to the correct direction of running schools, adhere to the principle of cultivating people, optimize the type orientation, comprehensively deepen the supply-side reform of vocational education, deepen the innovation of school-running mode and education mechanism of vocational education, coordinate the promotion of schools, industries, enterprises, markets, employment and society, and accelerate the construction of a modern vocational education system with Zhejiang characteristics. Party committees and governments at all levels should strengthen their leadership over vocational education, strengthen policy guarantees, optimize the development environment, vigorously promote the spirit of artisans in the whole society, push Zhejiang vocational education to continue to be in the forefront, and strive to create an "important window" to show the development path of vocational education with China characteristics.

　　Wang Hao instructed that we should thoroughly implement the important guiding spirit of the Supreme Leader’s General Secretary on vocational education, adhere to the correct direction of running schools, adhere to the fundamental task of cultivating people by virtue, optimize the positioning of vocational education types, deepen the integration of production and education and school-enterprise cooperation, promote the effective connection between education chain and talent chain and industrial chain, and innovation chain, accelerate the construction of a modern vocational education system with Zhejiang characteristics and national leading level, and strive to train more high-quality technical and skilled talents, skilled craftsmen and craftsmen from big countries to provide solid support for the high-quality development and construction of a demonstration zone of common prosperity.

　　Video speech by the heads of relevant departments of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security.

　　The meeting stressed that it is necessary to thoroughly understand the spirit of the important exposition of the Supreme Leader General Secretary on vocational education, accurately grasp the great significance and conceptual direction of developing high-quality vocational education, fully implement the Party’s educational policy, implement the fundamental task of cultivating people by virtue, improve the modern vocational education system closely integrated with Zhejiang’s economic and social development, provide powerful services and have a sound mechanism, and form a new pattern of vocational education development with high quality and efficiency in personnel training, effectively meeting development needs and being widely recognized by the public.

　　The meeting demanded that the education system of "cultivating people with virtue and skills" should be improved, ideals and beliefs should be combined with professional ethics education, and the pattern of ideological and political work in line with the characteristics of vocational education should be actively explored to comprehensively improve the school spirit and study style of vocational schools. It is necessary to improve the school-running system of "integration of production and education, school-enterprise cooperation" and establish a working mechanism of collaborative education between government, schools and enterprises, which is coordinated by local governments, led by higher vocational colleges and deeply participated by industry enterprises. It is necessary to improve the development system of "vertical integration and horizontal integration", consolidate the basic position of secondary vocational education, deepen the reform of the long-term academic system of vocational education, vigorously develop undergraduate vocational education, and promote the integrated development of vocational colleges and technical colleges. It is necessary to improve and perfect the service system of "concentrating on common prosperity and giving equal attention to education and training", actively participate in the reform of "expanding the middle" and "lowering the middle", take the initiative to serve the development of 26 counties in mountainous areas, implement the statutory duties of education and training in vocational schools, and show greater achievements in the construction of demonstration areas. It is necessary to improve the teaching system of "learning and using together, integrating knowledge and practice", highlight students’ internship and training, and improve the specifications and applicability of personnel training. Party committees and governments at all levels and relevant departments should improve the organization and leadership mechanism, strengthen the leadership of the Party, strengthen policy integration, deepen multi-span coordination, actively publicize and guide, and gather strong joint efforts to care for and support the high-quality development of vocational education.

　　Xian Jianmin and Cai Xiujun attended, presided over by Cheng Yuechong. Participants watched a feature film on the reform and development of vocational education in the province. The leaders at the meeting awarded the first batch of provincial vocational education industry steering committees. A number of projects were signed on site. Seven units from Quzhou City, Xiaoshan District of Hangzhou City, Wenzhou Vocational and Technical College, Yongkang Hardware Technician College, Zhejiang Digital Economy Federation, Haitian Group and SMIC exchanged speeches with two representatives of vocational education talents, namely Lv Yicong and Xu Chuanzi.

　　"Support new business entities and capable people, and drive poor households to increase their income and get rid of poverty." This is the "one-help-one-belt" industrial poverty alleviation model explored by Lixian County, Longnan City, Gansu Province, which regards industrial poverty alleviation as the main starting point for tackling poverty. As long as cooperatives and talented people have the will to develop industries, they can get corresponding industry award funds after examination and approval, and then they will drive poor households to develop industries.

　　In 2019 alone, driven by the "one support and one belt" industrial poverty alleviation policy, household-to-household industrial support projects and employment poverty alleviation, Lixian achieved poverty alleviation in 6,256 households with 27,431 people, accounting for 80% of the total poverty-stricken population, and the benefits of industrial poverty alleviation were continuously highlighted.

　　The model gives strength to build a solid foundation for increasing income

　　In the apple orchard of Senheyuan Planting and Breeding Professional Cooperative in Yongping Town, Lixian County, villager Zhang Gehuai is giving medicine to fruit trees. Last year, he earned 12,000 yuan from working here, and 8 mu of land was transferred to the cooperative, with an annual income of 1,200 yuan.

　　Zhang Zhongwu, the head of the cooperative, told the Economic Daily-China Economic Net reporter that the cooperative has driven 19 poor households, including 11 poor households who work in the cooperative like Zhang Gehuai, and poor households who have not been out of poverty have joined the cooperative in the form of shares of poverty alleviation funds from industries to households. Last year, each person received a dividend in 800 yuan.

　　"The bonus fund has helped me a lot!" Zhang Zhongwu said that at the beginning of the establishment of the cooperative, he transferred 564 mu of land. In order to encourage him to develop his industry, the county gave 200 yuan an award per mu for three consecutive years, with an annual award fund of 112,800 yuan.

　　"Concentrate on more than 500 acres of land, create standard parks for apples or peaches, persimmons, pomegranates and cherries, and drive more than 15 poor households. 200 yuan will be awarded per acre for three consecutive years." This is one of the contents of the "One Support and One Belt" policy in Lixian County.

　　In order to promote the development of diversified industries to enrich the people and accelerate the precise poverty alleviation, Lixian county has identified seven key development industries, including economic fruit, animal husbandry, Chinese bee breeding, broad bean industry, Chinese herbal medicine, vegetables and labor migration, with the goal of increasing the income of poor people and getting rid of poverty, focusing on deep poverty-stricken villages, and improving the service system. Lixian county supports leading enterprises, farmers’ professional cooperatives, family farms and other new agricultural business entities or large capable people, establishes a poverty-stricken driving mechanism with poor households, and strives to solve the outstanding constraints on the industrial income increase of the poor population, ensuring the stable income increase and poverty alleviation of the poor population in the county.

　　Driven by the policy of "One Support and One Belt", Lixian County has not only formed six poverty alleviation modes, including employment absorption, capital share, material share, contract agriculture, technical service and industrial assistance, but also effectively mobilized the enthusiasm and initiative of poor people to develop industries.

　　"We are negotiating to innovate by adopting beef cattle from cooperatives by poor households and giving subsidies to 800 yuan and 1000 yuan after reaching the slaughter standard ‘ One support and one belt ’ 。” Chen Yuefeng, secretary of the Party Committee of Yongping Town, Lixian County, said.

　　The key industries are defined, and how to innovate policies and enlarge the supporting and driving effect is the key.

　　This year, Lixian county has also formulated three reward and compensation methods, namely, "one support and one belt" industrial poverty alleviation, recruiting new employees in Xinjiang Youth League, ex situ poverty alleviation, demolition and reclamation, and work plans for poverty alleviation cooperation between the East and the West, fixed-point assistance and consumption poverty alleviation, which will lay a solid foundation for comprehensively promoting poverty alleviation.

　　In order to continuously strengthen the poverty alleviation mechanism of innovative industries, Lixian County has set up a leading group for industrial poverty alleviation headed by the main leaders of the county party committee, under which seven key industrial development groups are set up, and the industrial responsibility system of one industry, one county-level leader taking the lead, one leading group, one team, one team, and grasping the whole thing is implemented. Relevant leaders at the county level take the lead in grasping seven major industries to promote the poor people to increase their income and get rid of poverty.

　　Villagers pick eggs on the production line of egg packaging workshop of Jinji Industrial Poverty Alleviation Ecological Park in Lixian County. Zhao mei photo

　　Enterprises make efforts to expand the effectiveness of poverty alleviation

　　In the production line of egg packaging workshop of Deqingyuan Technology Co., Ltd. of Jinji Industrial Poverty Alleviation Ecological Park in Lixian County, fresh eggs are continuously sent out from the henhouse.

　　"I can take care of my family now, and I can work at home to earn money!" Zhao Xiaoyan, a poor household in Xiejia Village who is picking eggs, said that since she came here to work in August last year, she has earned 3,300 yuan a month.

　　"Our industrial park is to make the poor households who have established the card become industrial workers at their doorsteps." Zhang Kaihua, the person in charge of the company, said that 40% of the workers who work here are poor households who set up files and set up cards.

　　"At present, the number of young chickens in the industrial park has reached 300,000, and the daily egg production has reached 280,000." Zhang Kaihua said that on September 10, 2019, Weinan Deqingyuan Technology Co., Ltd. introduced the first batch of 310,000 chicks; On December 16th, laying hens were transferred to egg laying houses and sold to Shanghai, Tibet, Jiangsu, Beijing and other places. After the resumption of sales on the 15th day of the first lunar month this year, the first batch of 1,200 cases were immediately sold to Tibet and 1,200 cases to Shenzhen.

　　Jinji industry has become an "emerging" industry in Lixian county to get rid of poverty. The Golden Rooster Industrial Poverty Alleviation Ecological Park in Lixian County is one of the poverty-stricken enterprises driven by the policy of "one support and one belt" industrial poverty alleviation. It relies on an industrial park to build a "Golden Rooster" industrial chain and expand five ways to increase income.

　　After the completion of the 1.2 million Golden Rooster Industrial Poverty Alleviation Ecological Park project with a total investment of 290 million yuan, it will drive 5,447 poor households to pay dividends steadily, drive more than 1,000 people to find jobs, and solve the collective economic income problem of 568 administrative villages in the county.

　　This is just a microcosm of Lixian county’s continuous innovation of the "one-help-one-belt" industrial poverty alleviation mechanism, improvement of the "leading enterprises+collective economy+cooperatives+poor households" model, and highlighting the industrial drive.

　　Lixian county has built 750 demonstration sites for industrial poverty alleviation, with a total area of 1.3 million mu of economic forest fruits such as apples, peppers, walnuts and oolong, and large-scale farms are also developing.

　　"We will vigorously develop six distinctive industries, namely economic fruit, animal husbandry, Chinese bees, broad beans, Chinese herbal medicines and vegetables, and do a good job in the construction of 372 agricultural industry demonstration sites, so that ‘ One support and one belt ’ Play a greater role. " Qin Yang, director of Lixian Poverty Alleviation Office, said.

　　This year, Lixian will continue to fully implement the policies of "one support and one belt", "five small" industries and household-based industries, adhere to the principle of "five links", improve the poverty-stricken mechanism, focus on poverty-stricken areas and poor villages, give full play to the poverty-stricken benefits of "one support and one belt" industries, guide various new business entities to improve the interest linkage mechanism with poor households, and drive poor households to integrate into industrial development. Develop and expand the village collective economy, and realize that the collective economy of each administrative village has reached more than 20,000 yuan.

　　E-commerce helps build a development engine.

　　"This five-treasure tea is a health care tea &hellip, which is refined and processed from local Chinese herbal medicines such as Radix Codonopsis, Radix Angelicae Sinensis and Radix Astragali; …” On the evening of May 2, Chen Shuangfeng, deputy director of Lixian E-commerce Center, captain and first secretary of the assistance team in Red Brick Village of Shajin Township, sold local agricultural products through live broadcast on the Aauto Quicker platform.

　　"In the next step, we will broadcast live in Aauto Quicker, so that more large Chinese medicinal materials and cooperatives will embark on the e-commerce road and transform and upgrade the red brick village into a demonstration village for the development of Chinese herbal medicine e-commerce." Chen Shuangfeng said that after he arrived in the village, he mobilized large growers of medicinal materials to register professional cooperatives, and in accordance with the development concept of "cooperative+poor households+e-commerce+base", he gave full play to the advantages of helping units, built the e-commerce poverty alleviation service point in Red Brick Village, and registered 1688 enterprise online stores, Aauto Quicker small stores and Taobao online stores. At present, the village has accumulated online sales of Chinese herbal medicines of more than 250,000 yuan.

　　In the production workshop of Lixian Yuanliang Fruit and Vegetable Co., Ltd., Pu Xuezhen and Shen Yanyan, villagers of Zhaojia Village, Qijia Town, are packing apples before the automatic packing machine. Lixian Yuanliang Fruit and Vegetable Co., Ltd., established in 2009, is the largest traditional leading enterprise in foreign trade sales of apples and vegetables in Lixian County. It is the first cross-border e-commerce company in Lixian County, with a sales income of 373 million yuan in the past five years and 97.848 million yuan last year.

　　"We have implemented ‘ Cooperative+base+e-commerce+poor households ’ And ‘ Company+cross-border e-commerce+poor households ’ With the poverty alleviation model, the number of participating farmers reached 265 households with 1248 people. " Zhao Liang, manager of Lixian Yuanliang Fruit and Vegetable Co., Ltd. said.

　　In recent years, Lixian County has established a "six-in-one" e-commerce poverty alleviation model through innovation, including consignment assistance, purchasing assistance, industrial assistance, employment assistance, stock assistance and information assistance, and launched typical e-commerce poverty alleviation practices such as "charity sale+employment+consignment+purchasing", built village-level e-commerce poverty alleviation service points in 155 poor villages, and cooperated with Alibaba Group to build 62 rural Taobao service centers, driving 2,631 poor households and helping employment.

　　Lixian vigorously trained e-commerce talents, established county-level e-commerce centers and 29 township e-commerce associations, and set up 42 e-commerce teams to develop and apply e-commerce enterprises, cooperatives and logistics express companies. E-commerce has become a new engine for local poverty alleviation. (Economic Daily-China Economic Net reporter Zhao Mei)

　　focal point

　　"Second Light", "Second No" and "System Crash" … … This year’s "May 1" holiday to buy tickets, so many netizens lamented "too difficult." Some people even said that buying tickets is more embarrassing than Spring Festival travel rush.

　　Our reporter’s investigation found that the main reason behind this is that the epidemic prevention and control is generally stable, and the demand for traveling and returning home has soared in the short term. At the same time, it is also affected by the high incidence of grabbing tickets and brushing tickets, the short front of small holidays and the shortened pre-sale period of tickets.

　　The 12306 platform suggests that when it is difficult to buy tickets, you can try a variety of different schemes to buy tickets. At present, a number of lines have been added.

　　Probe into cause one

　　Traveling back home is as hot as Spring Festival travel rush.

　　On Wednesday morning, accompanied by the alarm clock "Didi", Zhang Wancheng immediately refreshed the 12306 official website, which he had already logged in, and prepared to buy a ticket back to Beijing during the May Day holiday. In less than 10 seconds, the page shows that both trains are in "standby" status. "It’s too difficult!" Zhang Wancheng lamented that he had not been back to his hometown for more than a year due to repeated epidemics. "I bought the ticket for going back two days in advance, and I chose to leave on a working day. I didn’t expect the ticket back to Beijing to be difficult. This year ‘ May Day ’ Buying a ticket is as difficult as Spring Festival travel rush! "

　　"I have promised my child to take him to Guangzhou to play. If he doesn’t go out, he will suffocate. ‘ May Day ’ It must be cashed. " Compared with Zhang Wancheng’s "It’s too difficult", Liu Xiaolin, who is shouldering the children’s expectations, seems lucky. In order to realize the agreement smoothly, she adopted the sea of people tactics in grabbing tickets early — — "Group assistance". "Scan the QR code and join a train ticket mutual help group. There are nearly 200 people in the group. Everyone keeps sending the help link … … I finally grabbed it. "

　　Why is it so difficult to buy tickets for the May Day holiday this year? The reporter’s investigation found that due to factors such as the prevention and control of the previous epidemic, "retaliatory travel" and "compensatory return home" were superimposed, and the demand for travel soared. Compared with the "May Day" in 2019, the number of tourists this year may be higher. Even this year’s "May 1" holiday travel demand is as hot as that of "Spring Festival travel rush" in 2019.

　　According to publicly reported data, the total number of domestic tourist receptions during the May 1 holiday in 2019 was 195 million. Reports released by many online travel platforms show that this year’s "May Day" may usher in "explosive travel". Some platforms predict that the number of "May 1" tourists this year is expected to exceed the same period in 2019, reaching a new high of 200 million. According to the data of 12306, as of 6 pm on April 17, a total of 3.15 million tickets were sold on May 1, more than three times that of the same period in 2019.

　　The reporter noted in particular that even compared with Spring Festival travel rush in 2019, the tickets for this year’s "May Day" holiday did not fall in the wind. The Forecast Report on Residents’ Travel during the May 1 holiday in 2021 predicts that the passenger flow of railways, civil aviation and roads will reach about 250 million in the six days from April 30 to May 5. Among them, the passenger flow of popular railway passenger lines is expected to exceed the level of the same period in 2019. Previously, it was reported that during the 40-day Spring Festival travel rush Railway in 2019, the national railways sent a total of 410 million passengers.

　　"The main demand is booming. With the stability of epidemic prevention and control, there are more people with travel plans. " The reporter inquired about Ctrip’s travel, and a customer service said that it was difficult to buy tickets for May Day, and there were also some factors in the early stage. "This year, many people didn’t go home during the Chinese New Year, and they were ready to take advantage of ‘ May Day ’ Go home to visit relatives or have a holiday. "

　　There were 7 trains from Chengdu to Beijing on May 5, and only 2 K-prefix trains have tickets.

　　Exploration 2

　　The holiday front is short and the pre-sale period is also compressed.

　　In addition to the strong demand for traveling to visit relatives, the reporter found that there are still some factors that have increased the difficulty of purchasing tickets on May 1 ST in disguise. For example, compared with Spring Festival travel rush, where there are dozens of days, the May Day holiday is shorter, and the pre-sale period of tickets is reduced from the previous 30 days to 15 days.

　　12306 official website suggested that the pre-sale period was shortened to 15 days.

　　"With ‘ Spring Festival travel rush ’ Compared with ‘ May Day ’ The small holiday time is shorter and it is more difficult to buy tickets. " Fu Yujing, who didn’t grab the May Day home ticket this year, said angrily. In addition, some people think that the compression of the pre-sale period of train tickets leads to more concentrated time for everyone to buy tickets, which is another reason for the difficulty of buying tickets on May 1.

　　The reporter noted that in order to cooperate with local governments to implement normalization measures for epidemic prevention and control, from January 29 this year, the pre-sale period of railway tickets (website, APP, window, sales outlets and other ticketing channels) was uniformly adjusted to 15 days. "It turns out that you can buy tickets 30 days in advance, and the time is relatively abundant. Generally speaking, everyone’s itinerary will be relatively variable, and people who buy tickets and refund will not be particularly crowded." Fan Shumin, an office worker, said that after the pre-sale period is changed to 15 days, everyone will be more cautious in making decisions and arrangements. "Almost all of them will determine the itinerary before buying tickets, which will easily lead to passengers buying tickets centrally." In addition, holidays are often the peak of passenger flow, and "it is very difficult to buy tickets."

　　“‘ May Day ’ Holidays have always been a peak of travel. " 12306 national railway customer service hotline customer service said. In response to the question whether the ticket "second light" is insufficient supply or too many people buy tickets, the answer is "too many people buy it".

　　Exploration three

　　Platform scalpers sell tickets at high frequency to buy tickets.

　　The interview also found that some ticketing services and "scalpers" also made it more difficult to buy tickets. At present, all major network platforms have launched a variety of ticketing services with different rules, and there are even six different grades of ticketing services with platforms.

　　Xiao Zheng plans to travel to Nanjing on May 1. "When I look at some third-party platforms, I usually have a ticketing service." Many platforms will launch "dual-channel ticketing", in which the "residual ticket monitoring channel" has been opened by default, while the "standby ticket purchasing channel" needs to enter the user name and password of the 12306 platform to complete the login.

　　"According to the platform, the speed of grabbing tickets can be described as ‘ You get what you pay for ’ 。” Taking Ctrip as an example, Xiao Zheng found that the speed is divided into six grades: low speed, fast speed, high speed, extreme speed, light speed and VIP. Among them, there is no need to add money to grab tickets at low speed, but it shows that "ordinary networks are more difficult to grab tickets, and when there are too many people grabbing tickets, they need to queue up"; To grab tickets quickly, you should add 10 yuan, "give 5 power packages and enjoy the 20M fast network channel exclusively"; 50 yuan should be added to grab tickets at the speed of light, including "giving 25 power packages and enjoying the 500M speed of light network channel"; For VIP ticket grabbing, you can choose to pay 80 yuan or become a svip, "giving away 40 power packages and enjoying the exclusive server for 1000M ticket grabbing".

　　Ctrip. com, add money to grab a ticket back to Beijing on May 5.

　　In flying pig travel, the success rate of grabbing tickets is further quantified. Take the G5 train from Beijing South to Nanjing South on May 1st as an example. If you choose each express service in 20 yuan, the estimated success rate is 24.3%, each express service in 40 yuan, 25.8% and each light speed service in 60 yuan, 29.1%. "The difference between the types of ticketing services is not necessarily the speed of the network, but also the order of ticketing." The customer service said that the acceleration packages at different price points are mainly used to improve the queue ranking.

　　There are also some "scalpers" who are charging "dead eyes" to grab tickets. A "non-professional scalper" admitted that he didn’t have much stunts in grabbing tickets. "It’s similar to missing tickets. I’ve been watching when there are more tickets, so I quickly grabbed them."

　　"Whether it’s inviting friends to help speed up or paying for acceleration, it’s more just a gimmick." Bao Ran, deputy secretary-general of Zhongguancun Information Consumption Industry Alliance, said that high-frequency ticketing will increase the burden of the 12306 ticketing system, which may cause website paralysis, affect users’ normal ticket purchase, and even seriously constitute a crime of destroying computer information systems. "It is not only meaningless to spend money to grab tickets, but it may also cause privacy leaks."

　　first two sentences giving the theme in an eight-legged ( bagu 八股) essay (in the Ming and Qing dynasties)

　　Many lines have tried multiple schemes to add cars.

　　It is an option to solve the problem of "difficult to buy tickets" and travel, increase the number of trains and improve the capacity. In 2019, in Spring Festival travel rush, the national railways added more than 500 passenger trains every day on average. At that time, a daily travel map was implemented. Then, is it possible to add a car on May 1 this year? What should I do if I haven’t bought a ticket yet?

　　"Now all tickets are one-off, and they will not be sold out." A staff member of 12306 said that if you really didn’t buy a ticket, you can consider other trains with tickets. As for whether there is a problem of adding cars on May Day, he said that "no notice has been received".

　　However, the reporter found that in order to cope with the peak of "May 1" passenger travel, many routes have already added trains.

　　In the column of "Latest Developments" in 12306 official website, from April 29th, China Railway Chengdu Bureau Group Co., Ltd. added some trains; China Railway Shanghai Bureau Group Co., Ltd. also added some passenger trains from April 30, 2021 to May 8, 2021; China Railway Guangzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. opened Changsha South on April 30th, May 1st, May 5th and May 6th. Nanchang west G4312 passenger train; China Railway Hohhot Bureau Group Co., Ltd. also issued the announcement of adding some temporary passenger trains during the May Day holiday.

　　Additional trains were selected for some routes during the May Day holiday.

　　Shen Shijie, secretary of the Party branch of the ticketing workshop of Beijing Railway Station, said earlier that from the afternoon of April 30th to the morning of May 1st, tickets in all directions were very tight. "The overall train operation has gradually recovered, not reaching 100% before the epidemic, but we think it should be 90%. Later, we will also report the operation plan of new trains according to the passenger flow."

　　For passengers who haven’t bought tickets for the time being, 12306 customer service suggests that they can place a standby order and wait for others to change their tickets or refund their tickets. In addition, some customer service revealed that the railway system has a principle of giving priority to the sale of tickets from the starting station to the terminal station, suggesting that passengers can try to buy them. Or, you can choose other different transfer schemes, "so the probability of grabbing tickets is greater."

[car home] On October 21st, we obtained the official map of its small SUV-(|) L model from Geely. It is understood that this car will be listed in November. At the same time, the official said that the "L" of the car stands for "Luxury", which means that Binyue L has achieved an all-round improvement in face value, technology and comfort on the basis of the existing models of Binyue family.

Nowadays, the first thing for consumers to buy a car is to see whether this car is rich in configuration, and it is no exception to nature. Next, let’s see if its highlights can attract you with Xiaobian.

First of all, from the appearance, the front face of the tank 300 adopts a very young design, which is very recognizable. Headlights are very in line with the aesthetics of consumers, and the shape is quite solid. The car is equipped with LED daytime running lights, front fog lights, automatic opening and closing, adaptive far and near light, delayed closing and so on. Coming to the side of the car body, the car body size is 4760MM*1930MM*1903MM, and the car body looks very solid with large-sized thick-walled tires, which looks full of sports. Looking back, the rear of the car looks more comfortable, and the taillights look very elegant, creating a good atmosphere.

Sitting in the car, the interior style is very fashionable and the overall recognition is very high. The steering wheel design of this car is very fashionable and dynamic, equipped with the functions of manual steering wheel up and down+front and rear adjustment, steering wheel heating, etc., and the palm fit is very high. From the central control point of view, with the 12.3-inch central control screen, the interior design is quite layered, and the details are still in place. Let Xiaobian introduce the dashboard and seats. The dashboard of the car presents a comfortable design style, and the trendy design elements make people remember it at a glance. The car uses leather seats, equipped with functions such as auxiliary seat electric adjustment, seat electric adjustment and seat proportion tilting, which improves the riding experience of drivers and passengers.

Tank 300 is equipped with car networking, driving mode selection, remote control key, Bluetooth key, rear wiper, interior atmosphere light and other configurations, which is worthy of praise.

After reading this car, I believe you have a general understanding. The car with moderate size is a very suitable choice for many families, and the internal space is enough for daily use in families.

In today’s society, the ever-changing changes make people pursue higher and higher efficiency, and a series of systems to encourage trade and promote transactions have followed, which has been well reflected in the provisions of the Civil Code on the transfer of creditor’s rights. Especially in dealing with money "triangle debt", the relevant provisions of the Civil Code can greatly improve the transaction efficiency.

Case: Party A bears a debt of 1 million yuan to Party B, and Party C takes the mortgage of its house A as a guarantee and handles the mortgage registration. It is agreed between Party A and Party B that the creditor’s rights of RMB 1 million shall not be transferred to a third party. Later Party B transferred the creditor’s right to informed Party D and informed the debtor A.. After the debt of 1 million yuan expired, Ding asked Party A to repay the debt of 1 million yuan, but Party A refused to repay it on the grounds of unpaid repayment ability. Can Ding show C that he is the mortgagee of House A and then realize the mortgage?

Article 545 of the Civil Code A creditor may assign all or part of his creditor’s rights to a third party …

If the parties agree that the non-monetary creditor’s rights may not be transferred, they may not confront a bona fide third party. If the parties agree that the money and creditor’s rights are not transferable, they may not confront a third party.

Article 547 of the Civil Code Where a creditor assigns his creditor’s rights, the assignee obtains the subordinate rights related to the creditor’s rights, except that the subordinate rights belong exclusively to the creditor.

The transferee’s acquisition of the subordinate right shall not be affected by the fact that the subordinate right has not gone through the transfer registration formalities or transferred possession.

Prosecutor’s analysis: In this case, although Ding knew the agreement between Party A and Party B that the creditor’s rights of 1 million yuan could not be transferred, the creditor’s rights were monetary claims. According to the stipulation that "if the parties agreed that the creditor’s rights of money could not be transferred, they could not be opposed to a third party", whether Ding knew it or not, the agreement between Party A and Party B could not be opposed to a third party, so the transfer of the creditor’s rights was valid. The creditor’s right of 1 million yuan of Party B is transferred to Party D, and the mortgage right of Party B is transferred to Party D with it. Of course, Party D enjoys the mortgage right of House A, and it is not necessary to handle the transfer registration. Therefore, D can ask C to realize the mortgage right.

Prosecutor’s tips

The transfer of creditor’s rights needs to meet the following three requirements:

1. Creditor’s rights are assignable, that is, there is no situation that cannot be assigned according to the nature of creditor’s rights, the agreement of the parties and the legal provisions.

2. There is an effective creditor’s rights transfer agreement between the transferor and the transferee.

3. Follow the legal form. Creditor’s rights, especially monetary creditor’s rights, have strong liquidity. There is no obvious legal interest in the agreement between the creditor and the debtor that the creditor’s rights shall not be transferred, and the transfer of money creditor’s rights will not harm the debtor’s interests, on the contrary, it can greatly improve the transaction efficiency. Where the creditor’s rights are transferred, the subordinate rights shall be transferred together. Common subordinate rights include mortgage, pledge, lien, deposit, guarantee, etc.

The civil code clearly stipulates that the subordinate right will be transferred with the transfer of the principal right, and will not be affected by the publicity methods such as registration or transfer of possession, which will also effectively improve the transaction efficiency.

Original title: "Life in French] How to solve the" triangular debt "of money in the Civil Code? 》

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　　After a long recovery period since the international financial crisis in 2008, the global economy finally ushered in the largest range of growth acceleration in the past 10 years in 2017, which made people have more confidence when talking about the future of the global economy. With the coming of 2018, it has become a general consensus to be bullish on the global economy, and even some people think that the global economy is expected to enter a prosperous period in the new year.

　　Of course, in 2018, the global economy ushered in a year of continuing to overcome difficulties. Can the strong growth of global economy resist the "headwind" of trade protectionism? What new variables will the global economies face when the United States chooses the policy shift of "national priority"? What benefits will China’s economy, as the main engine, bring to the world? In 2018, opportunities and challenges coexist for the global economy.

　　The global economy has cut to a "fast growth block"

　　Protectionism "challenges" open cooperation

　　Compared with the caution and pessimism in the past few years, when looking forward to the global economic trend in 2018, many international institutions unanimously issued optimistic voices.

　　In the latest World Economic Outlook Report, the International Monetary Fund raised its global economic growth forecast by 0.1 percentage point to 3.7%. The World Bank predicts that the global economic growth rate will rise from 2.7% in 2017 to 2.9% in 2018. The report "World Economic Situation and Prospects in 2018" released by the United Nations recently also believes that the global economy will continue to grow in 2018.

　　"There are obvious signs of recovery in the global economy, and the basic cycle of economic growth has started. At present, the global economy is at the starting point of a new cycle. " Xu Hongcai, deputy chief economist of China International Economic Exchange Center, said in an interview with this reporter.

　　Confidence is largely due to the bright transcripts of the global economy exceeding expectations in 2017. Nearly 10 years after the international financial crisis in 2008, the global economy has finally changed from "slow crisis" to "fast growth". However, also in 2017, some problems emerged and became increasingly serious, which made people optimistic about the overall performance of the global economy in the new year while not being too optimistic.

　　A big worry is that in 2018, the global economy may not be able to avoid the head-on collision and contest between the two forces of open cooperation and protectionism.

　　Perhaps the biggest bad news for the global economy in 2017 is the fundamental "turn around" of the world’s largest economy. Since Trump, the new president, came to power, taking "American priority" as the basic position, the United States has successively "retired" from several multilateral mechanisms such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement and the Paris Climate Agreement, and tried to dominate the North American Free Trade Agreement and modify the rules of the World Trade Organization. The process of liberalization and globalization has encountered a strong "headwind".

　　"In 2018, protectionism will continue to be complicated. Facing emerging economies such as China ‘ Overtaking in corners ’ The western developed economies feel that the competitive pressure is obviously rising, and they may take frequent shots or even join hands. At the same time, the multilateral trading system of the World Trade Organization will be challenged. " Chen Fengying, a researcher at the Institute of World Economics of China Institute of Contemporary International Relations, said in an interview with this reporter.

　　Xu Hongcai also believes that with the economic recovery of major developed economies in 2018, trade protectionism may be further strengthened.

　　In this regard, the International Monetary Fund, the Bank for International Settlements and other organizations have warned that once the global protectionist sentiment is further intensified, it will make it more difficult to coordinate global policies, thus dragging down global productivity and economic growth.

　　However, the advancement of some regional free trade negotiations has convinced people that open cooperation is still the irreversible mainstream of the global economy. In November 2017, the first leaders’ meeting of Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (RCEP) was held in the Philippines, and the Framework of RCEP Agreement was determined, which set a clearer direction for the negotiations officially launched in November 2012. Earlier, Japan and the European Union, two developed economies, also formally signed a free trade agreement.

　　"In 2018, further deepening international cooperation will remain the overall trend." Xu Hongcai said.

　　Chen Fengying also believes that although the international trade situation may face severe challenges and the risk of trade friction will increase in the new year, the actual international trade volume will not be greatly affected. "It can be seen that the overall trade volume of prosecution in the WTO is still very small."

　　China’s "engine" is still stable

　　"American priority" brings variables

　　The World Economic Situation and Prospects in 2018 released by the United Nations shows that in 2017, one third of the global economic growth depends on China. As the main driving force of global economic growth, China’s economy has performed outstandingly in the past year, providing the world with full positive energy.

　　In 2018, for the global economy, China’s economy will remain the "ballast stone" to inject confidence and the "main engine" to provide power.

　　A few days ago, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development raised their expectations for China’s economic growth in 2018. The latest research of many international organizations generally predicts that China’s economy will continue to maintain strong growth in 2018, and the continuous progress of economic stabilization and rebalancing will attract more overseas investors.

　　Some analysts believe that in 2018, China’s economy, which has entered a new era, is expected to achieve qualitative change in three dimensions, namely, the cycle evolution presents new resilience, the reform and opening up advances to a new depth, and global governance creates new opportunities.

　　"In 2018, China’s economy will operate within a reasonable range with little problem and full confidence. More attention will be paid to supply-side structural reform and quality improvement." Xu Hongcai believes that while maintaining steady growth, China’s economy will continue to exert its strength in the cultivation of kinetic energy and become a new bright spot. In addition, further deepening the reform and achieving remarkable results in the three major battles of preventing and resolving major risks, accurately getting rid of poverty and preventing and controlling pollution will also be an important point of view for China’s economy in 2018.

　　According to Obst Field, chief economist of the International Monetary Fund, "the good news of China will be good news for the whole world".

　　At the same time, as another important driving force of global economic growth, the United States may bring more variables to the world in the new year. In 2017, the US economy rebounded. In 2018, can this positive trend continue? The analysis believes that two factors will pose a challenge to the US economy, one is the uncertainty brought by the Trump administration’s economic policy, and the other is the potential policy risks that may be brought about by the gradual tightening of the Federal Reserve’s monetary policy.

　　At the end of 2017, the US Senate passed the largest tax reduction bill in 30 years, and the Federal Reserve also started to raise interest rates for the third time in the year. "The US tax reform will attract global capital to return to the United States and stimulate the US economy, so the US economy in 2018 will not be too bad compared with this year." Chen Fengying said.

　　Bank of America Merrill Lynch, the US investment bank, also predicted that the US economy will grow by 2.4% in 2018, higher than 2.2% in 2017. The tax reform plan will increase the US economic growth rate by 0.3 percentage points.

　　However, for the global economy, risks will follow. Bank of America Merrill Lynch believes that with the implementation of the US tax reform bill, the potential impact on US economic growth has begun to stand out. In the first quarter of 2018, the pace of the Fed’s interest rate hike may be further accelerated, and the US dollar index will fluctuate greatly, which means that emerging markets will face more uncertainties.

　　"There is no doubt that tax cuts and interest rate hikes in the United States will have an impact on global capital flows and industrial division of labor." Xu Hongcai said.

　　Chen Fengying believes that the economic policy shift of the Trump administration will further complicate the world economic relations in 2018.

　　At present, it seems that the only certainty that the United States will bring to the world in 2018 is that the Trump administration will make the United States more "self", and the global economy will face more uncertainty.

　　Developed economies continue to pick up.

　　Emerging economies accept challenges

　　For most western developed economies, 2017 is a relatively easy year.

　　In 2017, the recovery pattern of the United States "outshining others" turned to the growth of developed economies such as the United States, Europe and Britain. The euro zone has experienced the strongest expansion in the past 10 years, and European countries have gradually stepped out of the quagmire of the European debt crisis and ushered in long-lost common growth. Japan has gone further and further on the road of quantitative easing, and its economy has grown slightly. Reuters said that in 2017, the economic performance of the euro zone and Japan exceeded the forecast of the previous year.

　　"In 2018, the western economies as a whole will have a steady growth." Chen Fengying said.

　　HIS Markit, an international consulting firm, predicts that Europe will achieve an estimated economic growth of 2.2% in 2018. Thanks to export, domestic demand and infrastructure investment for the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games, Japan’s economic growth rate in the new year will reach 1.2%.

　　While the developed economies continue to pick up, the economies of emerging economies will usher in a more challenging year.

　　Some analysts believe that in 2018, emerging economies may face three challenges. First, under the background of the emergence of anti-globalization wave and the more complicated international trade environment, the trade and investment environment in emerging markets is more severe, which has a negative constraint effect on their economic growth; Second, emerging market countries themselves may face the risk of the spread of populism and extremism, and their political stability will be affected; Third, geopolitical risks remain high.

　　Statistics also show that there will be nearly 20 elections in emerging market countries in 2018, including large emerging market countries such as South Africa and Indonesia. JPMorgan Chase analysts also pointed out that in 2018, Latin America will usher in the most intensive calendar of political events in more than 10 years. Political factors may become an inestimable risk in investment in emerging markets.

　　However, all parties are still generally optimistic about the vitality of emerging economies. The International Monetary Fund predicts that the economic growth rate of emerging economies and developing countries will further rise to 4.9% in 2018, reaching a five-year peak. Among them, the contribution of emerging economies to global economic growth is expected to reach 77%, up 2 percentage points from 2017.

　　Hong Kong’s "South China Morning Post" published an article saying that investors in emerging markets will continue to be shaken in 2018, but they will not be disturbed. The rising trend of developing economies still exists and will continue to perform well.

　　"With the recovery of commodity prices such as oil and natural gas, emerging economies such as Russia and Brazil have benefited a lot. In addition, ‘ Belt and Road ’ Construction will also provide more space for cooperation between emerging economies and developed economies. " Xu Hongcai said.

　　Chen Fengying also believes that, on the whole, emerging economies are still the main contributors to the global economy. "In 2018, this pattern will not change much."

Zhang Xi pointed out that as one of the main constructors of polymer science in Jilin University, Academician Shen Jiacong has been active in the forefront of science, and has carried out supramolecular research earlier in China, and combined supramolecular with polymers, organic optoelectronics and biomaterials, constantly enriching the connotation of polymer science and expanding the extension of supramolecular science. Under his leadership and guidance, the State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structures and Materials was established on the basis of the former open laboratory of molecular spectroscopy and molecular structure of the State Education Commission, and talents were gathered and the direction was adjusted, which trained a batch of outstanding scientific research talents for the country. It is hoped that the teachers and students of the laboratory will continue to carry forward the scientist spirit of their predecessors who are rigorous in studying and serving the country, face the forefront of world science, meet the development needs of the country, actively optimize the layout, and boldly explore and innovate.

At the meeting, Academician Shen Jiacong gave an academic report entitled "Research Progress of Supramolecular Chemistry in Jilin University". In more than an hour’s report, he began with the initial layered assembly film, and told everyone in detail the course of becoming attached to supramolecular chemistry and the research experience of expanding supramolecular chemistry to the fields of organic luminescence and biomedicine, and outlined the scientific research track from tracking to leading the forefront of science and technology for decades. Although he is very old, he has clear thinking and profound thoughts, and tells profound scientific principles in simple and easy-to-understand language like a story, which makes the students present memorable and benefit a lot.

Zhang Hongyu, Dong Zeyuan and Wu Guanglu, representatives of outstanding young scholars in the laboratory, gave academic reports entitled "Flexible organic supramolecular luminescent single crystal", "bionic ion channel" and "quantitative preparation strategy of multi-component functional assembly" respectively, and introduced a series of breakthrough research achievements made by their teams in the fields of supramolecular luminescent materials and devices, biological supramolecules and flexible solar cells in recent years.

　　According to the website of China Internet Audio-visual Program Service Association, the China Federation of Radio and Television Social Organizations and China Internet Audio-visual Program Service Association released the "Production and Operation Specification for TV Network Drama Film Group (Trial)" on 26th. It is pointed out that the crew should establish a professional ethics evaluation system for cast members, and if there is conclusive evidence for the behavior of cast members who violate professional ethics, they should report it to their respective industry associations or relevant departments. Production institutions should consciously resist the unhealthy trend of unreasonable high pay and limit the proportion of actors’ pay to a reasonable production cost, and the total pay of all actors should not exceed 40% of the total production cost, of which the main actor’s pay should not exceed 70% and other actors’ pay should not be less than 30%.

　　The full text is as follows:

　　Production and operation standard of TV drama network film crew (for Trial Implementation)

　　In order to further promote the normalization and standardization of the industry, strengthen the production supervision and standardized management of TV dramas and online dramas, ensure the life and property safety of film crew members, reasonably and effectively control production costs, resist unhealthy practices in the industry, put an end to violations of laws and regulations, and promote the high-quality development of TV dramas and online dramas. According to the Civil Code of People’s Republic of China (PRC), the Labor Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC), the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on Safety in Production, the Regulations on the Management of TV Drama Content, the Constitution of the China Federation of Radio and Television Social Organizations and the Constitution of the China Internet Audio-visual Program Service Association, and in combination with the characteristics of the industry, the production and operation specifications for TV drama network film crews (for Trial Implementation) (hereinafter referred to as this specification) are formulated.

　　Chapter I General Provisions

　　Article 1 The establishment of a TV network drama film crew (hereinafter referred to as the drama crew) shall meet the requirements that the drama has been filmed and produced by the competent government department for the record and publicity, and there is sufficient shooting fund guarantee and good market expectation. Producers and contractors should adhere to the correct political direction, value orientation and aesthetic orientation, spread advanced culture with a high sense of social responsibility, adhere to artistic standards and quality norms, and strive to create excellent works with profound thoughts, exquisite art and excellent production.

　　Article 2 The crew must abide by the relevant laws and regulations on the production and production of TV dramas and online dramas, ensure the safe and efficient operation of the filming work, and assume the responsibility for safe production of the filming work according to law.

　　Article 3 The crew must strictly comply with the requirements of the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television, and further strengthen the management of the costumes on the basis of ensuring the correct orientation of the themes and ideas of the plays, especially strengthening the detail control, being serious and meticulous, putting the responsibilities on specific departments and personnel, effectively preventing the improper use of costumes and other specific pictures and sounds from the source, and making every effort to ensure that the details of all aspects meet the requirements and are not problematic.

　　Article 4 The crew must strictly implement the Notice of the State Administration of Radio and Television on Further Strengthening the Management of the Creation and Production of TV dramas on the Internet (No.10 [2020] of the State Administration of Radio and Television) and the Notice Requirements of the State Administration of Radio and Television on Further Strengthening the Management of Radio, Television and Online Audiovisual Programs (No.60 [2018] of the State Administration of Radio and Television), strictly implement the Opinions on the Allocation Ratio of the Production Cost of TV dramas on the Internet, and resolutely resist unreasonable high pay; Strictly regulate the management of TV drama pay contract, and strictly prohibit "yin-yang contract", "sky-high pay", tax evasion and other illegal acts; No vicious competition, no actor as the sole bargaining standard, and resolutely curb the bad behavior of asking for and driving up high pay.

　　Article 5 crew members must abide by national laws, regulations and policies, practice socialist core values, carry forward the spirit of patriotism, and resist all acts that undermine national honor, religious beliefs and national unity, as well as all kinds of cult organizations and illegal activities and acts that endanger social stability and unity; Abide by social morality, public order and good customs, and put an end to pornography, gambling, drugs and other illegal acts; Abide by the convention on professional ethics and industry self-discipline; Perform legal obligations such as paying taxes according to law. If there is any violation, depending on the seriousness of the circumstances and consequences, corresponding penalties can be imposed according to the provisions of national laws and regulations and the relevant provisions of the crew contract, and the losses caused to the crew can be compensated.

　　Article 6 This Code is applicable to the management of the crew in the preparation period, shooting period, post-production and publicity and distribution process.

　　Chapter II Requirements for Responsibilities

　　Article 7 Requirements for Producers’ Responsibilities

　　1. The crew implements the producer-centered system. Producer is the chief person in charge of the TV network drama project and the core organizer and manager of the drama group. Entrusted by the producer (or contractor), producer is responsible for effectively managing the whole process of production and operation of TV network drama, completing all-round organization and management from script planning, fund-raising, team formation, shooting and production to publicity and distribution, successfully completing the shooting task and bringing TV network drama to the market, and maximizing social and economic benefits on the premise of giving priority to social benefits.

　　2. Producers shall strictly check and reasonably select writers, directors, leading actors, photographers, artists and other crew members and personnel of various departments according to the Post Setting of Major Departments and Personnel of TV Network Drama Film Team (see Annex 1 for details). The crew must formulate a contract for the employment of cast members, which should clearly stipulate the specific duties, rights and obligations of the cast members, and be checked by professional lawyers. Finally, the producer authorized by the production unit (or contractor) will sign with all kinds of cast members.

　　3. Producers should explore new technologies for the production of TV dramas and online dramas, and use advanced production management methods to scientifically manage the project in terms of planning, production, cost, quality, process, team and risk, so as to promote the safe, efficient, economical and environmentally friendly production of the crew.

　　4. Producers should strengthen political literacy, improve artistic accomplishment, enhance aesthetic ability, have quality requirements such as planning ability, decision-making ability, management ability, public relations ability and management ability, and constantly improve management innovation ability.

　　5. Producers must have good professional ethics, be honest and trustworthy, have standardized management, be fair and impartial, love their jobs and be dedicated to their work, resist the bad atmosphere in the industry and refuse to violate the law and discipline.

　　Chapter III Work Process Management

　　Article 8 All creative workers and staff of all departments should actively understand the ideological and artistic requirements of the works, familiarize themselves with the scripts, analyze and plan their respective work and responsibilities, do a good job in desk work, and actively engage in creation and innovation.

　　Article 9 The work of the production department should run through the production of TV dramas and online dramas, listen carefully to the suggestions and demands fed back by various departments, coordinate the production arrangements of various departments and make detailed shooting plans. The implementation of the plan should be effective and timely, and important plans should be implemented to every staff member in each department. All departments must make good preparations according to the shooting plan and act in unison. The shooting plan shall not be changed without approval. In case of special circumstances, it is necessary to change the plan, which should be approved by the production department.

　　Article 10 Producers shall timely inspect and supervise the progress and quality of the execution of the shooting plan, monitor the specific implementation of the management cost and shooting budget, and make timely adjustments to the parts that are not suitable for execution and unpredictable in practice.

　　Article 11 During the filming process, cast members should communicate and negotiate with the director and producer in advance if they do have reasonable creative suggestions, put an end to putting forward opinions that affect the filming plan on the spot, and resolutely oppose the bad behavior of on-the-spot strike.

　　Chapter IV Safety and Security

　　Article 12 Insurance system

　　1. The crew has the responsibility to ensure the life safety of the cast members and purchase compulsory insurance (personal accident insurance and personal accident medical insurance) for all the cast members, especially the cast members of high-risk special jobs. At the same time, cast members who apply for high-risk special jobs should issue physical health certificates and relevant professional qualification certificates. The treatment of accidental work-related injuries should be strictly implemented in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state. Once an accident occurs, the crew should coordinate the insurance company to make claims in time while actively treating it.

　　2. In order to ensure the safety and reduce the uncontrollable risks of the crew, the crew should give priority to the shooting scene (including the studio) with the site insurance, so as to ensure the safety of the crew in the shooting site and the compensation for the damage of the site itself.

　　3. The crew can purchase corresponding property accident insurance for the important equipment, clothing and props of the group according to the needs.

　　4. The crew vehicles must be insured by the vehicle owner on time and not less than 500,000 third party accident insurance, and the crew shall not use vehicles without insurance.

　　Article 13 Safety in production

　　1. The crew must abide by the relevant laws and regulations of the state, employ professionals who are recognized by the national public security, fire control and safety production management departments and have qualification certificates, and use fireworks, guns, ammunition, chemical materials and other items safely. Strict safety custody, safe use and safety inspection systems should be formulated, and full-time responsibility should be taken in the safety management and use process of fire prevention, theft prevention and explosion prevention, which should be implemented to each specific responsible person, and each item must be signed and accepted when it is used and handed over.

　　2. The equipment and equipment used by the crew for early and late production must be managed by special personnel from all departments, and the system that the responsible person is responsible for the damage, loss and theft of the equipment and equipment must be strictly implemented.

　　3. The crew should formulate a strict safety management system to respect and protect the life safety and personal property safety of the cast members. If there is any theft, damage or injury, it should be verified and solved in time, and if necessary, it can call the police or file a lawsuit.

　　4. Strictly manage and scientifically dispatch vehicles to prevent fatigue driving, drinking driving and illegal driving; Construction departments such as art scene setting and unconventional operation departments such as on-site lighting field affairs must take safety protection measures to ensure that there are no hidden dangers; Special departments such as martial arts stunts, vehicle equestrian, firearms and fireworks, underwater and aerial photography must focus on prevention, formulate safety shooting plans, and complete the work by professionals.

　　5. When the shooting scene is in a non-smoking environment such as public places, cultural relics protection units and forest areas, all crew members should implement the non-smoking regulations.

　　6. We should strengthen the protection of the animals participating in the shooting, set the corresponding animal shooting time and safety protection measures according to the shooting situation, use the animals provided by professional animal training companies and personnel to shoot as much as possible, and do not harm or abuse animals.

　　Article 14 Emergencies

　　1. The crew should formulate emergency plans according to different situations in their work. If they encounter various emergencies or accidents, they must attach great importance to them, take them seriously, properly handle them, and call the police in time or seek help from the local government and relevant departments when necessary.

　　2. When the crew encounters unforeseen and force majeure factors (including epidemic situation, natural disasters, policy norms, government control, etc.) that cause economic losses, they should obey the management of the local government, report to investors, insurance companies and other relevant departments in time, seek solutions, do emergency treatment and aftermath, and minimize economic losses as much as possible.

　　Article 15 Employment management

　　1. The crew has the right to dismiss in advance according to the contract, and the remuneration can be paid as appropriate according to the time and workload of joining the group, and the economic losses caused to the crew should be compensated accordingly.

　　2. Temporary extras and temporary staff should be carefully selected, and the crew must sign a labor contract with the organizer (labor dispatch company) or himself when hiring, and require to issue identity certificates and health certificates, subject to unified management.

　　3. The crew shall strictly implement the relevant laws and regulations of the state and shall not employ minors at will. If it is really necessary to choose a minor to play the role according to the content of the plot, a contract should be signed with the guardian or legal representative of the minor. Attention should be paid to protect their personal safety and mental health when shooting, and the working hours should be arranged reasonably according to the age of minors, and the time for cultural study and rest should be guaranteed.

　　4. The crew shall set standards, arrange accommodation and travel for cast members according to their professional level and actual needs, and stipulate them in the contract to prevent specialization and comparison.

　　5. The crew must, in accordance with the relevant labor security management requirements, reasonably arrange work and rest time, ensure the rest of the cast members, ensure work efficiency and complete the shooting plan.

　　6. During the working period of the cast, the cast members shall, in principle, not concurrently hold the jobs of other cast members. In case of important matters such as overseas visits, national performance tasks and participation in awards, you must report in advance and get permission from the producer before you leave the group.

　　7. The crew should establish an evaluation system for the professional ethics of cast members. If there is conclusive evidence for the behavior of cast members in violation of professional ethics, they should report it to their respective industry associations or relevant departments.

　　Article 16 Health guarantee

　　1. The crew should be concerned about the health of the cast members and establish a sound health management and epidemic prevention mechanism. If infectious diseases or unexplained diseases are found, the patient should be isolated at the first time and reported to the local hospital and health and epidemic prevention department, and strict prevention and control measures should be taken to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

　　2. The crew should effectively ensure the food hygiene and environmental hygiene and safety, and the life producer should arrange the catering reasonably according to the food standard to ensure the nutrition and hygiene of the cast members.

　　Chapter V Remuneration for Labor Services

　　Article 17 The labor remuneration and its standards for cast members shall be formulated by the production unit (production organization), and relevant personnel shall abide by the contract.

　　Article 18 The crew shall pay the labor remuneration of the cast members in full and on time as agreed in the contract, and there shall be no breach of contract such as deduction or unreasonable delay in payment.

　　Article 19 Production organizations should consciously resist unreasonable high pay and other unhealthy practices in the industry, strictly implement the relevant provisions of the state, and the Opinions on the Allocation Ratio of TV Network Drama Production Cost jointly issued by the TV Production Committee and Actors Committee of China Federation of Radio and Television Social Organizations, China Network Audiovisual Program Service Association and China TV Drama Production Industry Association, and limit the actor’s pay ratio to a reasonable production cost range. The total remuneration of all actors shall not exceed 40% of the total production cost, of which the main actor’s remuneration shall not exceed 70% and other actors’ remuneration shall not be less than 30%.

　　Chapter VI Production Management

　　Twentieth shooting production management

　　1. The crew should strictly abide by the relevant laws and regulations of the state on the protection of the environment and cultural relics, consciously protect the environment and cultural relics, resolutely stop the barbaric shooting behaviors such as destroying the natural environment and national cultural relics, and make filming civilized.

　　2. The crew should obtain the permission or support of the relevant departments of the local government when shooting on location. The organization of the crowd on the shooting site should prepare in advance and issue notices to discourage the masses from paying attention to the ways and means. They must not be rude and do not conflict with the masses.

　　3. The crew should obtain the approval of the relevant administrative departments in the process of shooting the surrounding environment (especially aerial photography) involving military and confidential facilities, and strictly keep state secrets.

　　4. Strictly abide by the national ethnic and religious policies and respect folk customs, folk customs and religious culture.

　　5. The crew should practise thrift, oppose extravagance and waste, and reasonably control the production cost.

　　6. The crew should make a rigorous and meticulous shooting and production plan, and all departments should complete the pre-preparation, shooting and post-production tasks with high quality and effectiveness according to the work plan and process, combined with the cost budget and production cycle.

　　7. In order to ensure the production order, shooting plan and production quality, the crew should formulate a clear division of responsibilities and a department head responsibility system. All losses caused by work mistakes and delays due to violation of crew regulations should be investigated for the economic compensation responsibilities of their subordinate departments and specific responsible persons according to the law or according to the prior agreement. If heavy losses are caused, they should also be investigated for their legal responsibilities.

　　Article 21 Financial management

　　1. The crew must strictly implement the national tax policy, all cast members should consciously pay taxes according to law, and the withholding agent should fulfill the legal obligations such as withholding and remitting according to law.

　　2. The accounting personnel employed by the crew must obtain the qualification certificate of the national industry assessment, and should strictly implement all kinds of contracts involving financial content signed by the crew, abide by the contracts and act according to regulations.

　　3. The crew should formulate an objective, reasonable and qualified shooting cost budget according to the important factors of the project, such as the subject matter, production scale, collection volume, cast, shooting cycle, shooting location, etc., and manage and control the crew’s finance, contract, budget and funds strictly and effectively according to the law, so as to ensure the smooth completion of the shooting and production of TV dramas and online dramas.

　　4. Before starting up, the crew should make all preparations for the fund guarantee plan and financial expenditure, rationally allocate and use funds, supervise and audit the budget of each department, and make good cash reserves to deal with accidents.

　　5. The signing of all contracts and all payment, loan and reimbursement procedures of the crew shall be carried out in accordance with the Financial Management System and Implementation Process of TV Network Drama Film Group (see Annex 2 for details) on the premise of complying with national laws and regulations, so as to ensure fairness, openness and justice, and to eliminate irregularities.

　　6. The placement advertisements of TV dramas and online dramas shall comply with the relevant laws and regulations of the state and meet the needs of the plot, and the crew shall clearly stipulate them in the relevant contracts.

　　7. Before the crew is dissolved, it should actively cooperate with the relevant government departments to complete the settlement and disposal of creative subsidies, support funds and other funds, otherwise the company applying for the relevant funds should bear corresponding responsibilities.

　　Twenty-second procurement lease management

　　1. The crew must establish a perfect and meticulous property management system, and the financial personnel shall pay the money and collect the invoice when purchasing the production materials, consumables and daily necessities. All purchased equipment, equipment, articles, tools, office supplies, consumables and leased equipment must be managed at different levels by a special person, and the acceptance shall be recorded and a detailed list shall be made. For non-consumable assets, the financial personnel should register the relevant assets and mark the user department and the handler, so as to facilitate the relevant person in charge to count and recover. In the process of shooting, the production department should regularly check the use and storage of items.

　　2. All items purchased by the crew belong to the producer or producer, and no individual may occupy, lend, embezzle or sell them at will. If the above acts cause economic losses to the producer or producer, the responsible person shall bear legal responsibilities such as corresponding compensation.

　　Twenty-third transportation management

　　1. The transportation tools used by the crew should be dispatched and managed by special personnel, including but not limited to vehicle entry and exit procedures, vehicle deployment, refueling management, reimbursement management, etc. No one has the right to use the crew’s vehicles without authorization.

　　2. Drivers should abide by traffic laws and regulations, drive safely, prevent fatigue driving, prohibit drunk driving, and not lend others to drive, otherwise the lender will be responsible for traffic accidents; Drivers should take good care of their vehicles and ensure that the means of transport are in good working condition.

　　3. Vehicle management personnel should strictly control the consumption of oil materials, prevent illegal and criminal acts of embezzling and stealing oil materials, and immediately send them to the public security department for investigation once found.

　　Article 24 Quality management

　　1. In order to ensure the artistic quality of works, in the process of production management, producers, directors and creative teams should strictly follow the requirements of the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television and relevant administrative departments, strictly control the quality, and strive to create excellent works with "profound thoughts, exquisite art and excellent production" with the goal of "truth, goodness and beauty". Excellent quality management should run through all aspects of TV production.

　　2. All departments should pursue refined production, and strengthen the details in performances, scenes, costumes, makeup, props, music, etc. to ensure that there are no illegal contents; Producers and directors should strictly supervise the production work at all stages, implement the production of the "Description Table of Specific Pictures and Music Usage" of the General Administration, control the quality of the final works, and ensure that the works achieve their due ideological height, artistic quality and technical standards.

　　Article 25 Work discipline and team management

　　1. All cast members must strictly abide by the rules and regulations of the cast, consciously fulfill the responsibilities and obligations in the signed cast employment contract, and actively complete their own work.

　　2. The crew is strictly prohibited from drinking, fighting, bullying and other bad behaviors; Put an end to all passive slacking. If there is a strike that affects the filming progress, the organizers and participants of the trouble should compensate for the economic losses until they are removed from the crew.

　　3. The crew is a unified whole, and the cast members should respect each other and treat each other as equals; For the sake of safety and convenience for work, the crew should concentrate on accommodation and dining according to the normal budget standards, and they are not allowed to stay out or stay in groups without approval; The crew should oppose the unhealthy trend of extravagance and vanity, showing off wealth by comparing with others, and not provide living conditions such as accommodation and lodging that exceed the normal standards.

　　4. The improper words and deeds of the cast members will have a negative impact on the TV dramas and online dramas they participate in. The cast members should exercise self-discipline according to the provisions of the contract. If the works suffer specific losses due to their improper words and deeds (including but not limited to stopping broadcasting, withdrawing files, canceling the film purchase contract, etc.), the producer (production organization) has the right to investigate their responsibilities and claim compensation.

　　5. It is the responsibility and obligation of all members of the crew to protect the copyright of the works. Without the permission of the crew, no one may disclose the plot (including the character modeling) and the shooting situation to the outside world and the media.

　　Chapter VII Administration of Copyright and Signature

　　Twenty-sixth regulate the management of TV drama network drama signature, according to the following specifications:

　　(1) Sign in accordance with laws and regulations

　　According to the provisions of People’s Republic of China (PRC) Civil Code, People’s Republic of China (PRC) Copyright Law and other laws and regulations, we should sign according to laws and regulations, and build a good order of works signing.

　　(2) Honesty and credit signature

　　The signature of the work should truthfully reflect the ownership of the work.

　　(3) Clear and orderly signature

　　The signature at the beginning and end of the film shall be signed according to the order agreed in the contract. Foreign actors or staff shall be marked with nationality, and actors or staff from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan shall be marked with corresponding areas to form clear and orderly signature rules.

　　(4) specification expression signature

　　Protect the legitimate rights and interests of copyright owners, promote the copyright transaction of works, and avoid such situations as misnaming, using abbreviations and logos, and different signatures of different carriers. Signature strictly uses the standard subject name and Chinese character expression.

　　(5) Copyright statement

　　At the end of the film, the copyright mark "Statement of Rights/Year of * * * * The complete copyright of this work belongs to * * *" was added to publicize the copyright ownership of the work.

　　(6) exclusive rights statement

　　The subject enjoying one or more exclusive copyright property rights shall be indicated in the copyright statement.

　　Article 27 consistency of signature

　　When the production organization delivers to the broadcasting organization or distribution organization, the signature shall be consistent with the version examined and approved by the administrative department of radio and television.

　　Article 28 Signature of cast members

　　For those who are not signed by the right holders of TV dramas and online dramas, they should not be signed at the "production unit" or "production unit", so as to prevent the occurrence of false names, substituted signatures and missing signatures.

　　The way, order and location of the cast members’ signatures in TV dramas and online dramas are stipulated in the employment contract. Producers should communicate and agree on the signature issue when signing the employment contract with the cast members to avoid the occurrence of signature disputes such as ranking competition.

　　Auxiliary staff who are not directly involved in artistic creation do not sign at the end of the film.

　　Chapter VIII Supplementary Provisions

　　Article 29 The technical standards for the supply of finished TV dramas (that is, the requirements for the duration, signature, image, sound, subtitles, packaging format, storage media and quality of TV dramas) shall be implemented in accordance with the Specification for Mastering TV Plays promulgated by the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television. Technical standards such as video format and parameters of online dramas shall be implemented in accordance with the Specification for Naming and Parameters of Video Format of Online Audiovisual Programs promulgated by the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television.

　　Thirtieth in order to strengthen the management of TV network drama shooting, to ensure that the production work is carried out in a professional, efficient, economical and orderly manner, combined with the characteristics of the industry, the post setting of main departments and personnel of TV network drama shooting team (reference) is formulated. See Annex 1 for details.

　　The producer shall set up a film crew to shoot and produce according to this standard, and the types of work involving national security technology and other requirements shall be certified according to relevant regulations.

　　Article 31 In order to strengthen the financial management of the TV network drama crew, standardize the financial reimbursement process of the crew, implement cashless management of the crew and uniformly implement the online payment regulations, reasonably and effectively control all expenses, save costs, oppose waste, and put an end to unhealthy practices and violations of law and discipline, the Financial Management System and Implementation Process of the TV network drama crew is formulated according to the actual situation of the industry. See Annex 2 for details.

　　Article 32 The China Federation of Radio and Television Social Organizations and China Network Audiovisual Program Service Association jointly formulate this Code, and the Television Production Committee of the China Federation of Radio and Television Social Organizations is the executing agency.

　　Article 33 This Code shall come into force as of the date of promulgation.

During the Second World War, on January 11th, 1943, China, Britain and the United States signed the Treaty on Abolishing Britain’s Extraterritorial Jurisdiction in China and its Related Privileges, and the Treaty on Abolishing America’s Extraterritorial Jurisdiction in China and Dealing with Related Issues, which officially announced that Britain and the United States abolished their extraterritorial jurisdiction and other privileges in China. Soon, Belgium, Norway, Brazil, the Netherlands, Sweden and other countries successively cancelled their relevant privileges in China. As a result, China’s judicial sovereignty was recovered. After January 11th, it became the "Judicial Festival" of the Republic of China, both to commemorate and to promote the spirit of the rule of law.

Twenty-four years later, on January 11th, 1967, Xie Guansheng, a witness of China’s modern legal reform, a celebrity in the legal field and then the president of Taiwan Province’s "Judicial Court", said at the commemoration of the Judicial Festival in Taipei: "Sixty years ago, China began to reform the original legal and judicial system, and the motive at that time was to abolish the consular jurisdiction of outsiders … So all the reform measures at that time had to give up others as much as possible in order to meet the hopes of outsiders. China legal system, originally promoted as one of the five legal systems in the world, has its inherent advantages, so it has to give up completely. At that time, because he was single-minded and focused on recovering legal rights, he had his own difficulties and could not be criticized. However, today’s review seems to have been overkill. " Xie’s words, such as "giving up oneself and following others", "completely giving up one’s love", "having no choice but to make difficulties" and "overcorrecting", are quite heavy, which shows the profound introspection of a generation of legal professionals on the process of modern legal system reform in China. However, since the historical process of returning from heaviness to heaviness and returning from introspection to introspection has started, it is irreversible.

Ordinary people in Beijing during the Qing Dynasty

Since the beginning of modern times, with the western countries’ strong ships and strong guns, colonial conquest and trade exchanges, exchanges and interactions around the world have become increasingly frequent, and China is no exception. Since the late Qing Dynasty, the arrival of the "West" has gradually brought China into the world system. China’s modern legal system and judicial system are transplanted from the west, and the judicial officer must have some attributes of its origin; At the same time, China’s modern magistrates were born in China after all, and could not help but be influenced by China’s tradition and the reality at that time. In short, the modern legal professionals in China, including judicial officers, are the product of the interweaving and interaction of Chinese and Western factors, ancient and modern factors, old and new factors and so on.

As we all know, the world legal system since modern times can be roughly divided into Anglo-American legal system and European legal system. There are great differences between the judicial officers in the two legal system countries in terms of historical tradition, system design and reality. Since the late Qing Dynasty, China’s legal system reform has been far from Europe and close to France and Japan. Accurately speaking, China transplanted the European legal system through Japan.

If we take Japan, which transplanted the continental law system, as a reference, it is not difficult to find the similarities between Japanese (before World War II) judges and modern China judges. In Japan before World War II, although judicial officers enjoyed a high reputation in terms of knowledge and personality, they "actually belonged to the bureaucratic group" and lawyers were unreasonably placed under the supervision of prosecutors. Although among the legal professionals at that time, there were indeed many of them who were full of backbone, defended themselves and resolutely resisted improper interference, their efforts were often weak because of the lack of institutional guarantee, and they even had to pay a heavy price for it sometimes. Generally speaking, in Japan before World War II, the construction of the judicial system "took improving authority as the basic theme". This is consistent with Japan’s overall goal of strengthening the state bureaucracy and building a modern nation-state before World War II.

Since the modern judicial officer system in China was transplanted from the European legal system, many attributes of judicial officers in the European legal system were naturally inherited by China. In modern China, although the voice of "judicial independence" is very high, the judiciary is only a part of the political power and one of the many "yamen" in the country, whether in the establishment of the national system or in the actual operation process; Judicial officers serving in judicial institutions are actually no different from civil servants (civil servants) in other institutions except for their professional division of labor. This is basically the same as the situation of judicial officers in European legal system countries. Modern legal professionals in China mainly include judicial officers, lawyers and legal researchers. In fact, they do not constitute an interrelated legal community. Cai Shuheng, a jurist, believes that China’s "legislators, scholars, judges and lawyers are each part of the whole law" and their relationship should be "extremely close", but this is not the case at present. "Even if they don’t deny each other, at least it is not easy to find their proper relationship. Generally speaking, the attitude of scholars ignores the relationship between laws and regulations and society in principle, and they are either followers of French and precedent supremacy, that is, they are trapped in the desperate situation of self-first; When legislators make laws and regulations, the temptation of legislation seems to be greater than the stimulation of reality; The function of a judicial officer is nothing more than an institution that applies syllogism. The reconciliation between ideal and reality, the relationship between laws and regulations and life, and the balance between justice and utility are all irrelevant. As for lawyers, professional consciousness is the guiding principle of all actions, and the justice and interests of the society and the country are within the scope of not affecting personal interests.There is room for its existence. Therefore, the understanding and practice of law and law with China society as its content are inevitably different from each other. The law is the law, losing its inherent meaning and even losing its existence. " Obviously, there is a lack of real connection between various parts of the legal professional groups in China. From the source of legal system transplantation, the various components of legal professional groups in European legal system countries are also generally the same, which is "a combination of fragmented individuals"

In addition to inheriting many attributes of the European legal system, the situation in China in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China also profoundly influenced the individual and group of judicial officers. In modern China, "change" has become the most prominent dynamic feature. "Change" is first manifested in the change of political system. In the reform of the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty, especially in the late New Deal, the imitative constitutional reform was introduced, and the establishment of political system and related system were transplanted to the west as a whole, so the political system reform was unprecedented. It was in this historical context that the reform of laws and the establishment of new-type judicial institutions were initiated in the late Qing Dynasty, and the first batch of "new-type" judicial officers in modern China came into being. Based on the historical facts, it is not difficult to find that the first batch of new-type judicial officers came from two sources: criminal officers in the traditional era and new-type (study abroad) legal and political personnel.

Taking Tang Xuan, a criminal officer before and after the official system reform in the late Qing Dynasty, as a case, we can generally show how a traditional criminal officer turned into a modern judicial officer (judge) and his observations and feelings in the process. As a criminal officer, Tang Xuan personally experienced the process of setting up the Dali Court and the Ministry of Justice and the dispute between the Ministry and the Court. In this process, Tang himself also completed the transformation from a criminal officer to a judge. In the face of the judicial reform accompanied by the reform of the official system, Tang Xuan had little psychology and actions to take the initiative to deal with this change except consciously knowing some new knowledge of law and politics. After the reform of the official system, Tang Xuan, as a new judge, still belongs to the category of traditional criminal officials on the whole. His knowledge subject is still traditional jurisprudence, and judicial reasoning and trial methods have not changed much. It can be said that his body is new but his heart remains the same. This reflects the "old" path of the first batch of "new" judicial officers in modern China.

The first batch of modern judicial officers in China also had many new legal and administrative personnel, and "newcomers" and "new knowledge" were thus injected into the modern legal reform in China. Taking Huang Zunsan, a law student studying in Japan in the late Qing Dynasty as a case, the author focuses on his reading structure, old and new knowledge and daily life during his study abroad. The research shows that Huang’s reading includes three parts: foreign language, law major and daily reading, in which foreign language occupies a considerable part of time and energy. Even in daily reading, he often improves his foreign language level by reading foreign language newspapers and books. In addition, there are various club activities and making friends, which naturally squeezes the study time of law major. Huang’s preference for ancient books and self-cultivation books in his daily reading reflects how "new" the "newcomers" who have been trained in the new era and new environment are, and the old resources and factors may be beyond his previous imagination. Huang’s study of law was decided in the second half of the year, and it was a helpless choice, but it did provide a lot of new ideas and new horizons. His interest was in the public law fields such as constitution, administrative law and international law, which reflected the problems faced by students studying in Japan and their countermeasures.

On the basis of investigating individuals, this book also pays attention to the formation of judicial officers in the late Qing Dynasty. With the New Deal moving towards constitutionalism in the late Qing Dynasty, the separation of powers and judicial independence became one of the ideal prospects and practical directions of the New Deal reform. In the thirty-second year of Guangxu, the Qing government set up a new type of supreme judicial institution-Dali Court, from which a new type of judicial officers in China emerged. During the Xuantong period, the selection of judicial officers gradually embarked on the road of standardized examination and selection. After Xuantong’s two-year judicial examination, a large number of legal and political personnel joined the ranks of judicial officers. In Xuantong’s two or three years, a group of more than 1,000 judicial officers was formed, of which "newcomers" accounted for nearly half. The difference between the old and the new did exist in the group of judicial officers in the late Qing Dynasty, but in fact it was more about "new people are not new" and "old people are not old". Due to the system changes such as the New Deal and constitutionalism in the late Qing Dynasty, many traditional personnel have realized modern transformation, from "old people" to "new people", and most modern new judicial officers have been transformed from traditional criminal officers, candidates and other officials. Many judicial officers, who were originally responsible for resolving social disputes and maintaining the existing order, failed to do their jobs with peace of mind, and many became revolutionaries. From this point of view, the group of judicial officers in the late Qing Dynasty was rather "different in appearance and spirit" and only had its "shape". In the process of the formation of this group, it reflects how people inherit and transform in the process of China’s transformation from tradition to modernity, and how change and invariance coexist.

The "change" of modern China is also reflected in regime change. In the third year of Xuantong, the Revolution of 1911 broke out. In the revolutionary wave, the Republic of China was founded, the Qing emperor abdicated, and China entered OneRepublic. At the time of Dingge, the experience and feelings of Shen Jiaben, the key figure in China’s legal reform and the leader of the legal circles in the late Qing Dynasty, in the first year of the Republic of China were quite special. It contains a lot of information about the interaction between historical figures and the turning times, such as the frequent changes in the judicial center of the Qing court after the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911, many contradictions and conflicts in the handover of old and new regimes, the complicated face between the old and the new, and so on. As the leader of the legal circles in the former Qing Dynasty and the witness of regime change, Shen Jiaben felt not only the changes and disturbances of the current situation, but also the silence of a dying old man who "stopped dealing with politics" between the front and the back of the historical stage and the center and the edge, and cared about politics without participating, which provided a soothing and deep background for the historical changes at the time of Dingge Reform.

After the Revolution of 1911, China realized the regime change from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China. It is generally believed that the "revolution" is more of a compromise, so the continuity between the two regimes is obvious, especially the personnel system. Actually, not really. In areas that emphasize professionalism, such as the judiciary, under the face of inheritance, the hidden "revolution" quietly occurred. In the early years of the Republic of China, the judicial reorganization was mainly carried out when Xu Shiying, the chief justice, was appointed, and the appointment qualification of judicial officers was "those who graduated from law and politics for three years and had experience", which caused a large number of old-fashioned judicial officers to leave and a large number of new judicial officers to become judicial officers, and the personnel changes were great. Justice is a profession that emphasizes practical experience. The young people of law and politics who have just left school are in charge of judicial affairs, and there are many problems. In order to solve this problem, Xu Shi’s successors, Liang Qichao and Zhang Zongxiang, carried out judicial officer screening, aiming at selecting "qualified and competent talents" and achieved certain results. Undoubtedly, Xu Shiying’s reorganization measures are conducive to promoting judicial specialization and professionalization, and building a modern country ruled by law, which is also in line with the context of the times when it is difficult to "get rid of the old" but "get rid of the new" after the Ding Reform of 1911. The problem is that in the transitional period between the old and the new, we should not rush into it. The change of the times has its own elimination mechanism and transformation method for "old people". By the decade of the Republic of China, there were few traces of judicial "old people", which shows the speed of judicial personnel metabolism in the early years of the Republic of China.

Undoubtedly, the political changes in China have profoundly affected the progress of the legal system and judicial construction. Therefore, when it comes to the difficulties of the judicial construction of the Beijing government in the Republic of China, it is true that the academic circles mostly attribute them to external factors such as warlord interference, financial distress, and lack of talents. However, the internal problems of the legal profession are also worthy of attention. Focusing on Yu Shaosong, a judicial administrative official, we can generally show the relationship network, daily friends, professional awareness and other aspects of the legal profession during the Beijing government period, and also show the complex ecological change process inside and outside the judiciary: in the early stage of the Beijing government, the interference of military and political forces in the judiciary was not obvious or serious; In the middle and late period, with the imbalance of national civil and military structure, the transfer of central and local power, the separation of warlords and financial distress, the external ecology of the judiciary deteriorated seriously. The deterioration of external ecology not only leads to the serious obstruction of judicial operation, but also leads to the surge of internal undercurrents and "legal tides" in the system. It is worth noting that while emphasizing specialization, professionalism and community, the judicial system has gradually formed a relatively independent, autonomous (or closed) internal ecology, resulting in a variety of intertwined relationship networks, which are mostly not positive factors for the legal system construction. From this point of view, the judicial system of the Beijing government in the middle and late period can be described as "internal and external difficulties." In fact, this is also the embodiment of the political and social situation of the Beijing government in the middle and late period of the Republic of China in the judicial field.

In addition, the "change" of modern China is also reflected in many aspects, such as ideology, culture, society and so on. As the witness of this period of history, the individual judicial officers have all experienced and experienced the changes of modern China. From this point of view, it is a meaningful question how the changes of modern politics and legal system in China interweave and interact with the career path of legal professionals. Taking Xie Jian as an individual sample, it is not difficult to find many problems in the career path of modern judicial officers in China: the formation of personal relationship in the process of legal and political education and the role of this relationship in individual career; The impermanence of the coming and going of the judicial officer practitioners and the changeable occupation show that the judicial officer position is not attractive to legal persons; Wait a minute. Modern (western) knowledge of law and politics is more a tool for making a living, and most of them fail to give spiritual sustenance and inner belief to legal professionals. They seek their lives more from traditional culture. In a sense, their place to settle down is more Chinese and traditional.

China’s modern legal system reform profoundly shapes legal professionals. If viewed from the opposite direction, what about China’s modern legal system reform in the eyes of legal professionals? This is also a question of forgiveness. Taking Dong Kang and Xu Shiying, the witnesses of China’s modern legal system reform and legal celebrities, as cases, this paper shows that the direction and function of modern China’s legal system are changing, and there is a debate between "East and West" and "Left and Right". In their early years, they generally thought that the direction of China’s legal reform was towards the west, but in their later years, they paid attention to the East, and thought that the construction of China’s own legal system could not be separated from the support of "Han family’s heritage"; In their early years, they tended to use the legal system to transform China society, as an important means in the overall social project of pursuing Qiang Bing as a rich country and realizing national rejuvenation, but in their later years, they realized that the construction of the legal system could not be separated from the maintenance of the existing order. Of course, this change is closely related to the personal experience of legal professionals, the situation of the times, the international pattern and other factors.

Judging from the situation of European legal system countries, the design of China’s own judicial system after transplantation, and the actual situation in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, judicial officers are an integral part of the bureaucratic system in modern China. Since the late Qing Dynasty, especially after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, change has actually become the consensus of China’s intellectuals and political elites. The only difference is the way and the priority of change. Facing the grim situation at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the Qing court carried out the New Deal and sought to get rid of the crisis, which objectively promoted China to move from a traditional monarchy-cultural community to a modern nation-state. After the Ding Revolution in 1911, the government of the Republic of China continued this historical process. The legal system, judicature and the group of judicial officers are the components of this transformation and construction process. In other words, the national governance system, including the judiciary, must be reformed to build the legal system and judicial system needed by the modern nation-state. Only in this way can we survive in the world pattern of disputes among nations. From this point of view, whether consciously or unconsciously, the new judicial officers are the constructors (participants) of modern China.

In the eyes of the builders of the modern nation-state, the existing social folk customs in China are backward and must be reformed. Judicial reform is one of the important channels, and it is social, deep and indispensable. Therefore, as a judicial officer in the bureaucratic system of modern China, he becomes a reformer of social folk customs. However, as far as the legal profession is concerned, all kinds of contradictions, disputes and conflicts are solved through institutionalized and procedural channels in a stable environment and the existing order. The essence of the judicial officer profession is to confirm and maintain the existing order, and the judicial officer should be the defender of the existing order. Of course, this does not deny that laws should adapt to social changes. Therefore, Pound, a giant in western legal history, pointed out that "laws must be stable, but they cannot be static", which just illustrates the tension relationship between legal stability and change.

It is worth reminding that there is a clear difference between changing laws to adapt to social changes and transforming society with laws. The problem is that in modern China, most of the time, laws are used to transform society. Cai Shuheng, a jurist, refers to Chen. Since the late Qing Dynasty, the extreme significance of "strong political reform" is nothing more than two points: first, the old law is out of date, and it is a strong performance that the old law becomes a new law; The second is to promote the development of society through the role of new laws or to transform society with laws, and reminds: "The role of laws in promoting social development is relative, in other words, laws can only add fuel to the flames of social development, not make waves." What Cai said, from the opposite direction, shows that in modern China, laws are mostly used to transform society and promote social development. Under such a legal system, modern judicial officers in China naturally become reformers of social folk customs.

To sum up, in the historical stage of China, the judicial officer plays a triple role: the builder (participant) of the modern nation-state, the reformer of folk customs and the defender of the existing order. In fact, it is not easy to balance these three roles, and there will be contradictions or even violent conflicts from time to time, which has led to many legal and judicial problems in modern China. Because modern China is in a state of change as a whole, "unchanging" only has relative significance, so construction and transformation are absolute, while maintenance is relative. Therefore, the judicial officers in modern China can be described as "maintenance reformers".

(This article is excerpted from the conclusion of Li Zaiquan’s "Legal Professionals in a Changing Era: Individuals and Groups of Modern Magistrates in China", Social Science Literature Publishing House, March 2018. Authorized by The Paper, the original text is omitted, and the title is now drafted by the editor. )