Recently, the "National Pilot Program for Centralized Drug Procurement" was officially passed, and it was determined that the procurement with quantity will be carried out in four municipalities directly under the Central Government of Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin and Chongqing and seven sub-provincial cities of Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Xi ‘an, Dalian, Chengdu and Xiamen, involving 31 procurement varieties with specified specifications.

　　According to industry insiders, price-for-price and quantity-for-quantity procurement are conducive to the decline of drug prices in the context of drug quality determination. On the one hand, it really realizes the integration of recruitment and recruitment, eliminates the space of "secondary bargaining" in hospitals and avoids the transaction cost brought by "secondary public relations" of enterprises. On the other hand, after the market price of drugs in these 11 places is determined, it will be a reference for other regions and will further reduce the drug price level in other regions.

　　Purchasing with quantity truly realizes "integration of recruitment and procurement"

　　Previously, the "4+7 Drug Centralized Procurement Document" issued by Shanghai Sunshine Pharmaceutical Purchasing Network showed that the pilot area appointed representatives to form a joint procurement office to implement centralized procurement on behalf of public medical institutions in the pilot area, and the daily work and specific implementation were undertaken by the Shanghai Pharmaceutical Centralized Bidding and Procurement Affairs Management Office. And conduct bargaining negotiations on December 6.

　　Jin Chunlin, director of the Shanghai Health and Healthy Development Research Center, said earlier that the core of quantity procurement is to exchange quantity for price and money for price. Compared with previous procurement, there is now a refund to ensure the purchase quantity and ensure the market, which makes the price drop significantly. At the same time, reduce the sales cost of enterprises. "The sales cost accounts for a high proportion in the drug price, and the purchase volume is determined. Enterprises don’t have to work as doctors and hospitals, which can save the transaction cost of enterprises, purify the circulation environment, reduce the drug price, and the rebate problem can also be solved."

　　Some insiders said that in the past, the centralized bidding and purchasing process of drugs generally used the system of "separation of bidding and purchasing". The bidding office was only responsible for bidding the price, and it did not involve the quantity of drugs and the payment of funds. The hospital was responsible for the final purchase and payment. Hospitals still have the right to choose after bidding, leaving room for "second bargaining" for hospitals.

　　"This purchase with quantity, the purchase and sale contract is confirmed at one time, and it is truly realized ‘ Combination of recruitment and recruitment ’ 。” The above-mentioned people said that under the background of "integration of recruitment and recruitment", the space of "secondary bargaining" in hospitals has been eliminated, and the transaction cost brought by "secondary public relations" of enterprises has also been avoided, which is conducive to reducing drug prices.

　　"The quality of patients’ medication will be greatly improved." Gong Bo, deputy director of the Medical Insurance Department of Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Human Resources and Social Security, said that the centralized procurement of drugs organized by the state has set a high threshold for suppliers, and the bidding drugs must be original drugs and generic drugs that have passed the consistency evaluation of the quality and efficacy of generic drugs in National Medical Products Administration to ensure the therapeutic effect.

　　"Price for quantity" substantially promotes drug price reduction

　　According to the analysis of Guojin Securities, according to the procurement volume and the historical average bid price announced this time, the scale of the pharmaceutical market is more than 7 billion yuan, and the "4+7 cities" together account for about one-third of the national market, which will have a strong attraction for pharmaceutical companies. Through market-oriented bidding among enterprises, it will fully play the role of exchanging prices for quantity. In addition, some insiders admit that the purchase price of the above drugs is likely to be enlarged to the whole country, forming a national price linkage.

　　For enterprise quotation, the document is clear, the reporting enterprise must quote according to the minimum purchase unit of the main product specification, and the declared price of the same product with the enterprise must comply with the price difference rules. It is also emphasized that the declared price should reflect the cost factors saved by this centralized procurement, and in principle, it is lower than the lowest purchase price of the same variety of this enterprise in the pilot area at the end of 2017.

　　According to the procurement documents, no matter how many companies in a variety are shortlisted, only one company will enter the final bargaining negotiations, and the lowest bidder can enter. Specifically, if there are more than three enterprises that meet the declaration conditions, the declared price of the pre-selected varieties meets the relevant requirements of this quotation, and after confirmation by both parties, they will be qualified to be selected; For varieties with less than or equal to 2 enterprises that meet the declaration conditions, the pre-selected varieties are ranked in the forefront in the decline in the declared price, and they are qualified to be selected after confirmation by both parties; If not, refer to the average decline of other fully competitive varieties in price negotiation to determine the lowest decline in bargaining negotiation.

　　It is reported that if you don’t participate in or accept the bargaining negotiation, the variety will be treated as a poor standard, which will affect the centralized procurement of drugs involved in the pilot area.

　　Analysts of Guojin Securities pointed out that the bidding process was stricter than expected, which avoided the "bad money driving out good money" caused by the low price in the past. At the same time, the advantages of drugs with better competitive pattern were weakened to some extent through the setting of bidding process.

　　Regarding the quality of drugs purchased with quantity, Gong Bo said that quality is the bottom line of national procurement with quantity, because they are all varieties that have been consistently evaluated and can be replaced by the original drugs. Take the purchase of kelp as an example, the varieties that won the bid should be detected by near infrared spectroscopy to ensure the stability of drug quality.

　　In addition, according to Gong Bo, after the centralized procurement is completed, the medical insurance department will cooperate with the health department to strengthen the supervision of medical institutions from the aspects of ethics construction, rational drug use and comprehensive evaluation of clinical drug use, so as to ensure that the agreed procurement volume is implemented. At the same time, a series of medical insurance support policies will be issued to pay the purchase price in time, protect the legitimate rights and interests of pharmaceutical companies and enhance their enthusiasm.

　　Do not drop out, the advantages of the original drug are no longer

　　It is clear in the document that the original drug and the reference preparation for the consistency evaluation of generic drug quality and efficacy released by National Medical Products Administration, the generic drug that passed the consistency evaluation of generic drug quality and efficacy, and the generic drug approved according to the new registration classification of chemical drugs can all be declared.

　　Some insiders said that in addition to effectively promoting the decline of drug prices, the method of purchasing with quantity will also replace the original research drugs with high-quality generic drugs and change the phenomenon of super-national treatment of expired patented drugs in the past. Under the same purchasing conditions, generic drugs that have passed the consistency evaluation will have great advantages.

　　According to the report of Guojin Securities, many varieties are dominated by foreign pharmaceutical companies, such as rosuvastatin, atorvastatin, clopidogrel, irbesartan and other varieties, and the market share of the original pharmaceutical companies is above 60%.

　　An industry insider admits that generic drugs with the same effect as the original drug will reduce the market share of the original drug, which means that the original drug will either reduce its price or lose a large number of markets.

　　Because the varieties that do not participate in or accept the bargaining negotiation will be treated as substandard, and it will affect the centralized procurement of drugs involved in the pilot area of the enterprise. "In theory, it only lost part of the market of 11 cities with quantity procurement. However, according to the requirements of the procurement documents, abandoning the procurement in 11 cities may affect all hospital markets in 11 cities. " The above person said.

　　However, the report of Ping An Securities also pointed out that the purchase with quantity will lead to the price reduction of drugs, which will reduce the profits of enterprises in the upper and middle reaches of the relevant industrial chain. However, for a single company, it is of great significance for the company to consolidate its market position in the industry if it wins a large increase in sales volume in the purchase with quantity, thus offsetting the impact of price reduction.

　　In terms of medical insurance payment, relevant persons said that purchasing with quantity is conducive to the formation of medical insurance payment standards. The traditional bidding system has brought about the problem of high drug prices, and it is difficult to take the bidding price of drugs as a reference for the medical insurance payment price. The purchase price of 4+7 cities will become the prototype of the medical insurance payment standard.

　　Zhao Heng, founder of Latitude Health, said that the purchase of medical insurance with quantity means combining the formulation of medical insurance drug list, the determination of medical insurance payment price and the negotiation of drug purchase price. On the surface, it obviously reduces the drug price, but forming a relatively reasonable medical insurance payment price is the ultimate goal that this round of medical insurance with quantity purchase and its follow-up measures hope to achieve.

　　Aspect: GPGPU processor developed by Denglin Technology adopts software and hardware co-design and will be used by customers for testing at the end of this year.

　　Lead: The new concept of "AI chip" has gradually gone through the stage of popularization in the past year and is more and more familiar to the public. In the process that the industry has gone through barbaric growth and started to accelerate its landing and integration, more AI chip companies have also begun to step out of their own differentiated routes.

　　After the first season of previous AI chip series reports, Zhidongxi set out again, and further conducted differentiated in-depth follow-up reports on nearly 100 core enterprises in the whole AI chip industry chain. This is one of the second seasons of the series of reports on the AI chip industry in Zhidongxi.

　　When it comes to universal AI chips, no one will ignore NVIDIA.

　　With the super parallel processing capability of GPU, NVIDIA got on the high-speed train of artificial intelligence (AI), and in recent years, its market value soared by more than ten times, making it invincible in the field of AI chips in data centers and becoming an unshakable cloud AI overlord.

　　The outbreak of computing power provides the cornerstone for the accelerated development and landing of AI technology. The hot AI market has spawned a number of emerging AI chip entrepreneurs at home and abroad.

　　In the past, chip giants such as NVIDIA and Intel dominated the cloud AI market, and most AI chip startups chose to avoid its edge and specialize in the field of terminal AI-specific chips.

　　However, one company named "Denglin Technology" has a unique vision, aiming at GPGPU, which is now controlled by NVIDIA. GPGPU is the full name of general purpose computing on graphics processing unit, that is, a graphics processor (GPU) capable of general computing. It extends the application scope of GPU beyond graphics, and has been widely used in large-scale parallel computing in scientific research, education, financial computing, industry and other fields.

　　At present, only NVIDIA has realized the large-scale commercialization of GPGPU in the world, and the gap in this field in China is still obvious, but several players have been working hard to develop it.

　　▲ Li Jianwen, founder and CEO of Denglin Technology

　　On a warm morning, Zhi Dongxi chatted with Li Jianwen, the founder and CEO of Denglin Technology, to see how this veteran who has been deeply involved in GPU for 20 or 30 years led the team to develop innovative GPGPU architecture with versatility and high efficiency, and moved towards the vision of "becoming the NVIDIA of China".

　　GPU veterans have been in business for a year and a half, and more than a dozen patents are in hand.

　　As the mainstay of AI development, the opportunities for the underlying hardware of AI are undoubtedly extremely broad, but looking around, most of the solutions for cloud AI training in the world are provided by American company NVIDIA.

　　The design of high-performance processor is facing many challenges such as high complexity, technical difficulty and deep technical barriers. It is a key field in the field of integrated circuit design, and the relevant talent pool is very limited, even in Silicon Valley, where many IC elites gather.

　　Li Jianwen studied in Tsinghua University Institute of Microelectronics with a bachelor’s degree, and obtained a master’s degree from the Circuit Teaching and Research Group of Tsinghua Radio Department in 1990.

　　As early as 2017, Li Jianwen began to think, why don’t we build Chinese’s own server AI chip?

　　This idea became the bud of Li Jianwen’s founding of Denglin Technology.

　　Before the establishment of Denglin Technology, Li Jianwen had twenty or thirty years’ experience in GPU field. He served as the vice president of TUxin Technology (founded in 2004), and the GPU/GPGPU IP products he was in charge of were sold to famous semiconductor and technology companies such as Freescale, Intel, Meiman, Google, Samsung, Nokia and Dahua.

　　At first, Li Jianwen was also attracted by Google TPU, and wanted to have a try on special AI chips. However, during his time as a consultant of Northern Lights Venture Capital, Li Jianwen found that in the face of the rapid evolution of algorithms and the emergence of new applications, the special AI chip similar to Google TPU does not have the versatility needed by the market. Maybe after investing a lot of money and time to make the chip, the market no longer needs this thing.

　　After seeing the bottleneck of dedicated AI chip, based on years of accumulated industry experience, Li Jianwen is determined to make some achievements in the construction of heterogeneous general computing platform with GPGPU as the core, and make GPGPU solutions with better performance than NVIDIA.

　　In November 2017, Li Jianwen established Denglin Technology in Shanghai, which was hatched by the well-known high-tech venture capital institution "Northern Lights". The Angel Round and Pre-A Round of financing were completed at the end of 2017 and the first half of 2018 respectively, with a total financing amount of about 150 million RMB.

　　The core founding team of Denglin Technology consists of eight people, seven of whom have been deeply involved in the GPU field for a long time, and one has rich experience in network processors.

　　According to Li Jianwen, other members have worked for many years in world-renowned semiconductor, system and Internet companies such as TUX, NVIDIA, AMD, Cisco and Acacia. Each member not only has more than 20 years’ experience in high-tech industry, but also has the achievements of successful streaming and mass production in advanced technology from 28nm to 7nm, and comprehensively covers the parallel processor system architecture, software and hardware, core IP, processor verification platform construction, and the development of the overall SoC chip.

　　After a year and a half of development, there are about 60 people in the company now, most of whom have at least a master’s degree, no less than 78 years of work experience and very rich industry experience. At present, Denglin Technology has obtained more than a dozen patents, and dozens of core patents are being applied at home and abroad.

　　Software and hardware combined with innovative GPGPU will be delivered to customers at the end of this year.

　　With NVIDIA GPGPU Zhuyu in the front, if a startup wants its products to be recognized by the market, it usually chooses to cut prices and earn less money.

　　But Li Jianwen wants to do more than that. He hopes to do something different. He can not only inherit the advantages of NVIDIA, but also be as good as NVIDIA’s GPU in universality. At the same time, he has made some innovations in technology, which makes the calculation density higher, the efficiency further improved, and the demand for external bandwidth greatly reduced.

　　In people’s traditional cognition, NVIDIA’s GPGPU core is mainly oriented to graphics acceleration and high-performance computing, but in order to take into account the characteristics of all these applications, his hardware structure is fixed, the execution mode is based on instruction set, and the storage is centralized data storage based on the traditional von Neumann architecture, which limits the efficiency of hardware to some extent and is not the optimal solution for AI applications.

　　Therefore, Li Jianwen chose to adopt the concept of software and hardware co-design in the system architecture design, so as to solve the problem of both universality and high efficiency of AI computing.

　　Different from the customized AI processing chips provided by other manufacturers, the "boarding -Minsky" architecture (software-defined heterogeneous AI computing platform) independently innovated by Denglin Technology has higher flexibility in architecture design.

　　The software can predict the final application of customers. Through feature analysis at a higher application level, various hardware designs including pipeline, control model and storage model can be optimized according to the characteristics of tasks.

　　Through this architectural innovation, Denglin Technology can make the computing density and efficiency of AI processor hardware higher, the power consumption and area lower, and the requirements for bandwidth are much lower.

　　"It turns out that it’s like handing over the task to the right hand after the left hand has done something, and the way of software and hardware collaboration is that the two hands work together." Li Jianwen vividly metaphor.

　　According to him, compared with Tesla V100 and Tesla T4, the latest mainstream products in NVIDIA, the products of Denglin Technology have improved their performance by 5-10 times on the basis of lower-cost mature technology and reducing the chip area by more than 50%.

　　At the same time, it is unrealistic for a startup company to re-create a set of software ecology directly before it grows up. Therefore, Li Jianwen chose to inherit the ecology with NVIDIA as the main body and provide better solutions.

　　Li Jianwen revealed that the GPGPU processor at the core of Denglin Technology has passed the FPGA verification, and the design of the first generation product Goldwasser has also been completed, which is being fully verified before streaming. The product is planned to be available for customer testing before the end of this year.

　　Startups need to see three directions clearly.

　　Li Jianwen believes that it is very important for a new company to understand three aspects: one is the market, the other is the technology and product route, and the third is that the market and technology direction should be consistent with the team’s ability.

　　First of all, the AI hardware market is developing rapidly, which is recognized by everyone. According to the report of American research institute Tractica, by 2025, the market of cloud AI chips is expected to reach $14.6 billion.

　　At this time, the choice of technology and product route is particularly important. Because the iteration speed of the current AI algorithm is still very fast, Li Jianwen thinks that the risk of developing a special AI chip will be greater. Relatively speaking, the route of a general AI chip is more secure and feasible.

　　Even if you see the market opportunity and find the potential technology and product direction, you need to have the ability to be good at this field. Similarly, taking Denglin as an example, most of their members have mature experience in the GPU field, and they have practitioners with excellent professional and technical skills from software and hardware, IP to SoC, so they have the ability to solve problems quickly and develop products.

　　Previously, with the increasingly hot AI chips, a large number of fans poured into this market. However, as the capital market became calm, people began to question whether there was a bubble behind this carnival.

　　For this phenomenon, Li Jianwen thinks that the market is a little overheated. Some people and capital who jumped in underestimated the difficulty of cloud AI processors, but PPT can’t make chips. The ultimate winner must be someone who can have a deeper understanding of customers’ ideas and make products that truly solve customers’ core problems.

　　Conclusion: The landing tide of large-scale AI chips has not yet arrived.

　　Last year, it can be said that the domestic and international science and technology circles were involved in a frenzy of AI chips. Both traditional semiconductor companies and AI chip entrepreneurs stood their ground, and various cloud computing companies, AI algorithm companies and traditional industry giants poured in across borders, vying to announce their own research on AI chips.

　　They chose different technologies and product paths to meet the needs of different application scenarios such as data center, security and voice.

　　According to the AI chip plans announced by various companies before, there will be a number of products of AI chip companies at home and abroad one after another this year and next. From the underlying hardware to the adaptive solutions, the competition in the field of AI chips will become more intense. The bursting of any bubble will be accompanied by the disappearance of a large number of start-ups, but after the strong wind blows, the start-ups that really grasp the market needs and solve customer problems will stand out.

　　This account number is Netease News. NeteaseNo. has its own attitude.

　　Preview of Zhidongxi open class

　　In June, the open class of face recognition technology, Rainbow Soft, was launched! Scan the code to make an appointment and attend classes for free ~

This article first appeared on WeChat WeChat official account: Wise Things. The content of the article belongs to the author’s personal opinion and does not represent Hexun.com’s position. Investors should operate accordingly, at their own risk.

On April 18th, 2024 Chery Fengyun New Energy Night officially kicked off. With the continuous improvement and updating of Chery’s new energy product sequence, the brand’s new energy transformation has started to accelerate. This activity has also brought its brand-new model-Chery, which is a compact SUV with 5/7 seats to choose from. It will be equipped with a 1.5T Kunpeng Super C-DM hybrid system, with a fuel consumption of 5.2L per 100 kilometers in WLTC mode, a comprehensive cruising range of 1,400 km+in CLTC mode and a pre-sale price of 159,900 yuan.

During the pre-sale period, you can enjoy 9.9 yuan’s order, the total crowdfunding order is less than 10,000, and all customers enjoy a listing price reduction of 5,000 yuan; 10,000 orders ≤ crowdfunding total orders < 20,000 orders, and all customers enjoy a listing price reduction of 10,000 yuan; The total crowdfunding order is ≥ 20,000, and all customers enjoy a listing price reduction of 20,000 yuan.

The overall design of Fengyun T9 is full of strength, with smooth and full lines, which highlights the tough beauty of SUV models. The tough waistline on the side of the car lengthens the visual length of the whole car, and it is equipped with a hidden door handle. The design of the suspended roof also adds a lot of fashion and movement to the car. The rear of the car is simple in shape and adopts the mainstream through taillight design, which has strong vehicle recognition after lighting. In addition, the length, width and height of the new car are 4795/1930/1738(1741)mm and the wheelbase is 2770mm, among which the height of the seven-seat version is 1741 mm..

The interior of the new car adopts the design concept of Chery family. The color scheme of the cockpit is mainly blue and white. Three-spoke, 10.25-inch full LCD instrument and 15.6-inch 2.5K central control display screen are all equipped. The air conditioning air outlet is in a rounded rectangular style and adopts electronic gear shifting mechanism, which shows a strong scientific and technological texture as a whole.

In terms of configuration, the new car will be equipped with Snapdragon 8155 chip and 5G Gigabit Ethernet, equipped with 14-speaker SONY sound system and 256-color ambient lights, 540-degree panoramic image+transparent chassis, front seat massage, heating, ventilation and other functions, W-HUD head-up display, L2 driver assistance and other functions.

In addition, the car will provide five-seat and seven-seat models. After the third row of seats is opened, the seating space is more conventional, and there is storage space in the trunk. In addition, the car is equipped with two or three rows of one-button reclining, and 12 seat combinations are provided to meet the needs of different consumers.

In terms of power, Chery Fengyun T9 is equipped with Kunpeng Super C-DM hybrid system, which consists of the fifth-generation ACTECO 1.5TGDI hybrid engine+hybrid special gearbox+hybrid special battery management system. The maximum power of the engine is 115kW, the maximum torque is 220N·m, and the thermal efficiency reaches 44.5%. The maximum power of the motor is 150kW and the maximum torque is 310 N m. The comprehensive maximum power of the system is 265kW and the comprehensive maximum torque is 530 N m.. In terms of gearbox, the new car adopts electric hybrid DHT, with the highest mechanical efficiency of 98.5%, smooth and rapid gear shifting, and the fuel consumption of WLTC is as low as 5.2L； per 100 kilometers; The capacity of power battery is 19.43kWh, the pure electric cruising range of CLTC is 120km, and the comprehensive cruising range of WLTC exceeds 1400km.

In terms of chassis, the new car will provide HDS chassis hydraulic vibration isolation system, as well as CDC electromagnetic suspension and intelligent electronically controlled shock absorber, which will make the whole car more luxurious and comfortable in both driving experience and riding experience.

In addition, in terms of safety, Fengyun T9 can be described as "rock-solid". The whole vehicle comes standard with 7 airbags, including the far-end airbags, which are kept in pressure for 6 seconds. The high-strength steel and hot-formed steel of the whole vehicle reach 85% and 21%, respectively, and the columns A, B and C can withstand the compressive capacity of 10 tons. The side air curtain with a width of more than 2 meters directly improves the safety by 20%, and with more than 30 safety-assisted driving functions, it provides safer travel guarantee for drivers and passengers.

Generally speaking, the arrival of Fengyun T9 undoubtedly provides a new choice with high cost performance for young consumers. The new car can fully meet the needs of different consumers in terms of face value, configuration, technology configuration, safety and power.

At the same time, the arrival of the new car also shows that the Chery brand has always been committed to bringing consumers the products with the most user value, reliability and temperature sense. I believe that Chery Automobile will bring more surprises to many consumers in the future.

　　Not long ago, YTO Express outlets "burst positions" and couriers were "poached" to deliver food, which led to no delivery, which aroused widespread concern in society. Behind the "unstable people’s hearts" of enterprises are the deep-seated reasons such as the low freight commission of couriers and insufficient protection.

　　Insiders "broke the news": 90% of the more than 1 million express delivery employees have no labor contract, five insurances and one gold. Is this the case? What is the reason for it With the rapid development of the industry, the battle for human capital among enterprises is heating up. Does it help to improve the security level of couriers? Our reporter conducted an investigation and interview.

　　&mdash; &mdash; Editor

　　On the streets of Beijing with a cold wind of level 4 at MINUS 3 degrees Celsius, Zhang Nan, the younger brother of Zhongtong, is busy sorting the express delivery according to the mobile phone number and laying it flat on the ground for customers to collect it. "This is not much. When I am at most, I have sent 280 orders a day, and it is more common to climb hundreds of floors." Zhang Nan rubbed his frozen red hands and said.

　　The data shows that in 2016, the business volume of national express service enterprises totaled 31.28 billion pieces, up 51.4% year-on-year. By the beginning of 2016, there were about 1.183 million first-line couriers nationwide. After the Spring Festival, the abnormal operation of individual express terminal outlets and the backlog of express mail have once again triggered public discussion on the living environment and labor security of grassroots couriers. What is their current situation of labor insurance? How to treat your labor protection rights and interests? The reporter conducted an investigation and interview on this.

　　"The market is like this, if there is no, there will be no"

　　It is not easy for a courier to have social security.

　　"The couriers around me have not signed a labor contract, and the company has not paid social security. The market is like this. If there is no, there will be no embarrassment." Master Song, a courier of Tongda Department who works in Yichun, Jiangxi, said. The reporter found that except for SF Express, EMS and other direct-operated companies, most of the outlets of express delivery companies adopt the franchise mode, and the labor rights and interests of couriers working in franchise outlets are often difficult to be guaranteed. In Guangzhou, where the express delivery business volume ranks first in the country, the recruitment website was opened to inquire about the recruitment information of local couriers. Only 11 of the 50 selected articles promised to provide social security, and the positions were mainly from SF, Debon, Century Excellence, etc. Other companies generally only provided food and shelter.

　　"Although I didn’t pay five risks, the boss is very kind. I bought accident insurance and will take care of it if something goes wrong. Last time I was near Baishiqiao, I made a phone call and the boss came. I just continued to send the courier. " Song Hao, a 29-year-old courier who came to Beijing from Hubei, told reporters. Wang Zhenlong, who works in another courier company, is not so lucky: "If something happens on the road, he usually pays for it himself, and the company doesn’t care." The labor contract is missing, and the five insurances are not guaranteed. For these couriers, it seems that only the boss’s character can be relied on.

　　In contrast, Li Le, a JD.COM distributor in Chaoyang District, Beijing, is a "lucky dog". The company paid five insurances and one gold in full, and bought additional commercial insurance. He came from Handan, Hebei Province and worked for one year, and his monthly after-tax salary was about 8,000 yuan. "I am very satisfied with my current job, with good salary and social security. Many fellow villagers want to come." Li Le said. The relevant person in charge of JD.COM Group told the reporter that all the distributors in JD.COM are full-time employees of the company. In 2016, the Group paid more than 2.7 billion yuan in five insurances and one gold for its employees, including grassroots couriers.

　　"I am more willing to work for a day and get a day’s money."

　　No social security becomes the "hidden rule" of express delivery industry

　　The reporter also found in the interview that not every courier brother is willing to pay social security. "It is money to get what you have." Gu Ze, a 31-year-old SF Express courier, said he would rather save the social security fee.

　　"The express delivery business is highly mobile and unstable. If the outlets don’t make money, they will change companies. I have changed two or three express delivery companies before. What do you need a contract for? I prefer to work for a day and get a day’s money. " In the view of Zhang Haoze, a city 100 courier, signing a contract to pay social security has become a constraint. Not signing a contract or paying social security seems to be an "open secret" in the express delivery industry.

　　One of the main reasons is the high mobility and instability mentioned by Zhang Haoze. The National Research Report on Socialized E-commerce Logistics Practitioners shows that 44.2% of site couriers have an average working life of 1-mdash; Between three years. "Some couriers believe that signing a contract to pay social security is not convenient for job hopping; For enterprises, it will undoubtedly increase labor costs. " Shi Fumao, executive director of Beijing Zhicheng Legal Aid and Research Center for Migrant Workers, said that this has also led to the default "hidden rules" of some employers and employees.

　　The data shows that nearly 80% of the couriers are rural people. Some of them have already participated in the new rural cooperative medical system and new rural insurance in their hometown, and they are not willing to participate in urban social security. Many couriers don’t understand that although the social security payment is higher than the new rural cooperative medical system and the new rural insurance, the corresponding treatment is also higher. When they are old and sick, social security can give them better economic compensation and living security. Therefore, it is still meaningful to popularize the corresponding social security payment policy to couriers.

　　But in reality, the courier group’s understanding of labor insurance rights and interests is not very clear. Even those who pay social security, they don’t know what kind of insurance they are paying. Many courier brothers don’t know that they can get a pension in the city after paying social security for 15 years and reaching retirement age. Some even think that they must work in the same company after paying social security for 15 years, which is why they don’t pay much attention to social security.

　　The low profit of express delivery outlets and the heavy burden of social security payment are also one of the reasons. At present, the overall competition in the express delivery industry is fierce, the profit rate of the franchise outlets is declining, and the operating pressure is great. "For the express headquarters, direct operation is a pro-son, and joining is a godson." According to industry insiders, franchisees need to be responsible for their own profits and losses. The cost of face-to-face fees, delivery fees and transit fees handed over to the headquarters is not low, and there are still various fines to bear. On the other hand, the social security payment pressure of enterprises is not small. Bai Chongen, vice president of Tsinghua University Institute of Economics and Management, introduced at the 50-person forum on China’s economy held recently that China’s social security contribution accounts for 49% of corporate profits, which is the "big head" of corporate tax burden.

　　"We are also carrying our teeth. At present, the gross profit margin is about 7% and 8%. Last year &lsquo; Double 11&rsquo; Many franchise stores have closed down because of fines, and the pressure to pay social security is indeed relatively large. " Qian Yunmao, the head of a branch of Baishi Express in Beijing, is also very helpless.

　　Although enterprises have difficulties, according to the law, a written labor contract should be concluded to establish labor relations. For acts such as not signing labor contracts and paying social security according to law, there are also corresponding labor security supervision institutions responsible for supervision. However, at present, there are about 28,000 labor security inspectors in China, and there are 43.648 million employers in China. On average, each labor security inspector has to supervise more than 1,500 employers. The lack of grassroots supervision and law enforcement personnel makes it difficult for the existing labor security supervision forces to effectively undertake law enforcement tasks. "The labor inspection of small express outlets can only rely on reporting, and it is often accurate." The staff of the human society department told the reporter.

　　Credit rating and industry "reshuffle" forced to standardize employment.

　　Let the courier be physically and mentally in the city.

　　"The company must pay social security, and I won’t go without paying it. Otherwise, a serious illness is coming, and it is really necessary to use the savings to sell houses and land! " Zhou Pu, a courier from Mianyang, Sichuan, is very determined about this. He is the only courier that the reporter met in the interview who is clear and insists on his labor rights and interests. He found his current job after the collapse of the courier company that had worked for five years before. "No unit to pay social security during that time, I pay for myself, don’t want to break. I heard that I have participated in the pension insurance payment in Beijing for 10 years and accumulated for 15 years. Foreigners can also retire in Beijing. I am looking forward to this now. " Zhou Pu said.

　　In addition to long-term medical and pension considerations, Shi Fumao believes that not signing contracts and not paying social security is not conducive to the formation of long-term and stable labor relations. "The courier has no sense of belonging and stays at will; Companies are also unwilling to make efforts to train employees, which makes it difficult to improve efficiency and service quality. In the long run, it will easily lead to conflicts between labor and capital, and increase the cost of workers’ rights protection and social security. " Shi Fumao said.

　　Without labor contracts and social security, it may be okay to have a rainy day when they are young, but what should they do when they are old and sick? How to give the courier a more practical future?

　　The key is to standardize the employment behavior of express delivery companies. Experts pointed out that for courier companies that have formed a stable labor relationship with couriers, signing contracts and paying social security are the responsibilities clearly stipulated by law. Enterprises should take the initiative to strengthen this "bond" with employees for the sake of retaining people and building brands. At the same time, the human and social departments also need to strengthen the labor supervision of grassroots franchise outlets. In view of the lack of law enforcement personnel at the grass-roots level and the lack of labor security supervision power, since January 1 this year, China has evaluated the integrity level of labor security compliance for enterprises. Among them, the situation of concluding labor contracts with workers, participating in various social insurances and paying social insurance premiums will be used as the evaluation basis. According to the relevant regulations, the human and social departments will establish a credit information exchange and sharing mechanism with industry and commerce, finance, housing and urban construction, taxation and other departments and trade union organizations, and implement joint incentives for trustworthiness and joint punishment for dishonesty, which will force express delivery companies to strengthen labor security for employees.

　　The courier’s own awareness of labor rights protection also needs to be strengthened. "At present, couriers don’t understand their rights and interests, and they don’t know what institutions to look for to defend their rights." Shi Fumao suggested that if enterprises do not sign labor contracts, couriers should pay attention to preserving relevant evidence to prove the existence of factual labor relations, so as to protect their rights in case of labor disputes.

　　People in the industry have called for the explosive growth of the express delivery industry for many years, so the franchise outlets have grown rapidly. However, the upstream and downstream price cuts of e-commerce and users have made it difficult for franchisees to operate, and it is indeed difficult to provide employees with perfect social security. This industry has made a great contribution to solving the employment problem, hoping to appropriately reduce the social security rate of enterprises or give other preferential policies.

　　Zhao Guojun, director of the Postal Development Research Center of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, believes that in the long run, express delivery services should form more differentiated market segments, give more choices to users, and users will force enterprises to transform and develop. Users choose enterprises, which will make enterprises pay more attention to the selection and training of express delivery personnel, sign standardized contracts with them and provide corresponding insurance and treatment.

　　"I still hope to have social security, so that when I am in the city, my heart feels in the city." When the reporter said goodbye, Song Hao, who was still busy sending the pieces, said.

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As a luxury car from FAW-Volkswagen, CC shows the perfect integration of elegance and dynamics with its unique design language. The front face design adopts the iconic Volkswagen family design, and the angular air intake grille complements the sharp headlight group, giving the vehicle a modern and atmospheric temperament. The streamlined body lines are smooth, and the overall style not only retains the classic genes of the public, but also has a distinct sense of movement. Whether it is static appreciation or dynamic driving, it shows the unique aesthetic charm of CC.

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Summarizing the evaluation of car home car owners, Volkswagen CC captured the hearts of car owners with its unique face value and sports style. He said that CC’s personality design and cost performance are more attractive than Magotan and Passat, which is the key factor for him to choose it. The owner’s satisfaction is beyond words, and the coupe charm of Volkswagen CC is highly recognized. I believe that Volkswagen CC is undoubtedly an ideal choice for consumers who pursue individuality and cost performance.

　　The Central Economic Work Conference pointed out that in 2022, economic work should be steady and strive for progress. This year’s government work report puts forward that in the face of downward pressure, steady growth should be placed in a more prominent position.

　　In this regard, the deputies attending the two sessions of the National People’s Congress said that under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core and under the guidance of the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the New Era, we should fully implement the spirit of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and its previous plenary sessions, carry forward the great spirit of party building, adhere to the general tone of striving for progress while maintaining stability, implement the new development concept completely, accurately and comprehensively, speed up the construction of a new development pattern, strive to complete the annual goals and tasks, and greet the convening of the 20th Party Congress with practical actions.

　　Keep the word steady and guard against risks

　　Doing a solid job of "six stabilities" and "six guarantees" is an important guarantee for us to cope with various current and future risk challenges, and it is also a ballast stone for the economy to achieve steady progress this year.

　　The government work report puts forward that efforts should be made to stabilize market players to ensure employment and strengthen the implementation of macro policies. "Employment is the biggest livelihood." Chen Longmei, deputy to the National People’s Congress and squad leader of Jintang Cleaning Class of Friends of Blue Sky Road Environmental Sanitation Equipment Technology Co., Ltd. in Jiangxi Province, said that it is a good example to achieve more than 11 million new jobs in cities and towns this year.

　　Decai Yang, member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and director of the Institute of Private Economy of Nanjing University, said that protecting market players means boosting the confidence of market players. If market participants are confident, they will expand production and operation, create more wealth, taxes and employment for the society, which can also create the basic premise for expanding consumption.

　　Ensuring food and energy security and ensuring the stability of the industrial chain supply chain are also important contents of the "six guarantees".

　　Li Yuhua, deputy to the National People’s Congress and director of the Development and Reform Commission of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, said that Ningxia will continue to regard energy supply as an important political task in accordance with the requirements of the central authorities, focusing on outstanding problems such as insufficient coal production capacity, high coal prices and insufficient coal-fired power generation capacity, strengthening supervision and coordination, and increasing effective supply.

　　Zhao Lixin, deputy to the National People’s Congress, director of the Institute of Agricultural Environment and Sustainable Development of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences and member of the Agriculture and Rural Committee of the National People’s Congress, said that after years of efforts, China’s grain production capacity has been continuously improved. However, with the increasing demand for food, supply and demand are still in tight balance. Especially affected by the rare autumn flood last year, it is difficult to win a bumper harvest of summer grain this year. As scientific and technological workers in the agricultural field, we should contribute our wisdom and strength to ensure a bumper harvest of summer crops.

　　"To ensure the stability of the industrial chain supply chain, we must continue to enhance the resilience of the industrial chain supply chain. It is necessary to accelerate the upgrading of industrial base and the modernization of industrial chain, and further enhance the stability and competitiveness of industrial chain supply chain. " Yang Guiping, deputy to the National People’s Congress and party secretary and director of Jiangxi Provincial Department of Industry and Information Technology, said.

　　Financial activities, economic activities; Financial stability and economic stability. Kong Falong, deputy to the National People’s Congress, secretary of the Party Committee and chairman of Jiangxi Rural Credit Cooperatives Union, believes that it is necessary to accurately and flexibly grasp the strength, rhythm and focus of monetary policy, adhere to the principle of stability and strive for progress, and take supporting the strategy of expanding domestic demand and stimulating the vitality of market players as the starting point and focus of financial work to provide financial support for the work of "six stabilities" and "six guarantees".

　　The deputies said that it is necessary to coordinate and stabilize growth, adjust the structure, promote reform, and use reform and innovation methods to stimulate market vitality and social creativity, so as to achieve the coordination and unity of "stability" and "progress" in economic and social development.

　　Do everything possible to seek development

　　At present, the external environment is becoming more complex and uncertain, and China’s economic development is facing severe challenges. At the same time, we should also see that the long-term positive fundamentals of China’s economy have not changed.

　　In this regard, the deputies said that this year’s economic and social development tasks are heavy and there are many challenges. In accordance with the deployment requirements of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, we must implement the new development concept completely, accurately and comprehensively, accelerate the construction of a new development pattern, promote high-quality development, and do a good job in all work.

　　This year’s government work report puts forward that we will unswervingly deepen reform, stimulate market vitality and develop endogenous motivation. Handle the relationship between the government and the market well, make the market play a decisive role in the allocation of resources, give full play to the role of the government, and build a high-level socialist market economic system.

　　"The key is to protect market players." Zhang Zhanbin, member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and president of Marxism College of the Central Party School (National School of Administration), said that some small and medium-sized enterprises are facing operational difficulties at present, so we should make good use of policies, protect market players, make them have better expectations, encourage investment and increase social capital investment, and realize a virtuous circle of economy. "Protecting market players means protecting productivity. Keeping small and medium-sized enterprises will save employment to a certain extent. "

　　Li Xiangju, a member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and a professor at the School of Economics and Finance of Xi ‘an Jiaotong University, believes that China has implemented a proactive fiscal policy in recent years and achieved remarkable results. This year’s fiscal policy should stick to the front, pay more attention to the requirements of accuracy and sustainability in order to improve efficiency, and play the countercyclical adjustment role of the policy of "reducing taxes and fees+delaying taxes and fees". "The key point is to strengthen the support for small and medium-sized enterprises, individual industrial and commercial households, manufacturing industries, etc., and fully realize that only by keeping the market subject &lsquo; Qingshan &rsquo; In order to win the future. "

　　To achieve high-quality economic development, the role of finance is crucial. Deputy Kong Falong believes that it is necessary to continuously increase financial support for the real economy, expand effective credit supply, and maintain a reasonable and sufficient liquidity. At the same time, it is necessary to continue to deepen the structural reform of the financial supply side, allocate more financial resources to key areas and weak links such as rural revitalization, innovation and entrepreneurship, and green development, effectively alleviate the problem of financing difficulties for small and medium-sized enterprises, and promote a virtuous circle of finance and economy.

　　At the same time, the deputies said that China’s economy will certainly be able to withstand the downward pressure and will be stable and far-reaching.

　　Start a new bureau based on the people

　　People’s expectations, political aspirations. Complementing shortcomings and improving people’s livelihood are not only the purpose of economic development, but also the endogenous driving force for achieving high-quality development. This year’s government work report proposes to effectively protect and improve people’s livelihood and strengthen and innovate social governance. Insist on doing our best and doing what we can, constantly improve the level of public services, and focus on solving people’s livelihood issues that the people are generally concerned about.

　　In the investigation, the representative of Chen Longmei found that there are still some problems in grass-roots employment, such as narrow employment channels, inability to achieve stable employment and single income from migrant workers. She suggested that on the one hand, based on the existing industrial base, poverty alleviation industrial parks, poverty alleviation workshops and poverty alleviation industrial parks in rural areas should be used to reasonably guide the masses to participate in local industrial development; On the other hand, it is necessary to increase labor skills training and enhance the pertinence and effectiveness of employment.

　　Member Zhang Zhanbin said that to protect people’s livelihood, we must first protect employment, and we must find ways to create more employment opportunities. Only when employment is good can people’s livelihood be guaranteed. At the same time, we should further promote the construction of other social security mechanisms, and constantly improve public services such as pension, child care and childbirth.

　　"As a grassroots representative, I am most concerned about &lsquo; One old and one young &rsquo; Problem. " Zhu Guoping, deputy to the National People’s Congress and secretary of the Party branch of Hongqiao Pingju Studio in Changning District, Shanghai, said that in terms of home-based care for the elderly, even the elderly over 90 years old need professional care. Therefore, it is suggested that age should be one of the basic criteria for long-term insurance application. For teenagers, it is suggested to establish a multi-dimensional care mechanism and pay more attention to their physical and mental health development.

　　Paying attention to and improving people’s livelihood in rural areas is the focus of the development of the cause of the party and the state. Filling the shortcomings of rural public services will help enhance people’s livelihood and let farmers share the fruits of reform and development.

　　"The construction of rural delivery logistics system still needs to make up for shortcomings." Li Yuncai, member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and vice chairman of Hunan Provincial Committee of Jiu San Society, told reporters that poor logistics easily leads to a "dilemma of purchase and sale" and hinders the development of rural economy. He suggested speeding up the development of rural smart logistics, building and improving the online and offline integrated rural delivery logistics system, enhancing the terminal service capability and opening up the "last mile" of rural logistics.

　　The deputies said that it is necessary to adhere to the people-centered development thinking and constantly realize the people’s yearning for a better life. (Economic Daily reporter Meng Fei, Xu Daxin, self-improvement Yu Hao)

　　focal point

　　"Second Light", "Second No" and "System Crash" &hellip; &hellip; This year’s "May 1" holiday to buy tickets, so many netizens lamented "too difficult." Some people even said that buying tickets is more embarrassing than Spring Festival travel rush.

　　Our reporter’s investigation found that the main reason behind this is that the epidemic prevention and control is generally stable, and the demand for traveling and returning home has soared in the short term. At the same time, it is also affected by the high incidence of grabbing tickets and brushing tickets, the short front of small holidays and the shortened pre-sale period of tickets.

　　The 12306 platform suggests that when it is difficult to buy tickets, you can try a variety of different schemes to buy tickets. At present, a number of lines have been added.

　　Probe into cause one

　　Traveling back home is as hot as Spring Festival travel rush.

　　On Wednesday morning, accompanied by the alarm clock "Didi", Zhang Wancheng immediately refreshed the 12306 official website, which he had already logged in, and prepared to buy a ticket back to Beijing during the May Day holiday. In less than 10 seconds, the page shows that both trains are in "standby" status. "It’s too difficult!" Zhang Wancheng lamented that he had not been back to his hometown for more than a year due to repeated epidemics. "I bought the ticket for going back two days in advance, and I chose to leave on a working day. I didn’t expect the ticket back to Beijing to be difficult. This year &lsquo; May Day &rsquo; Buying a ticket is as difficult as Spring Festival travel rush! "

　　"I have promised my child to take him to Guangzhou to play. If he doesn’t go out, he will suffocate. &lsquo; May Day &rsquo; It must be cashed. " Compared with Zhang Wancheng’s "It’s too difficult", Liu Xiaolin, who is shouldering the children’s expectations, seems lucky. In order to realize the agreement smoothly, she adopted the sea of people tactics in grabbing tickets early &mdash; &mdash; "Group assistance". "Scan the QR code and join a train ticket mutual help group. There are nearly 200 people in the group. Everyone keeps sending the help link &hellip; &hellip; I finally grabbed it. "

　　Why is it so difficult to buy tickets for the May Day holiday this year? The reporter’s investigation found that due to factors such as the prevention and control of the previous epidemic, "retaliatory travel" and "compensatory return home" were superimposed, and the demand for travel soared. Compared with the "May Day" in 2019, the number of tourists this year may be higher. Even this year’s "May 1" holiday travel demand is as hot as that of "Spring Festival travel rush" in 2019.

　　According to publicly reported data, the total number of domestic tourist receptions during the May 1 holiday in 2019 was 195 million. Reports released by many online travel platforms show that this year’s "May Day" may usher in "explosive travel". Some platforms predict that the number of "May 1" tourists this year is expected to exceed the same period in 2019, reaching a new high of 200 million. According to the data of 12306, as of 6 pm on April 17, a total of 3.15 million tickets were sold on May 1, more than three times that of the same period in 2019.

　　The reporter noted in particular that even compared with Spring Festival travel rush in 2019, the tickets for this year’s "May Day" holiday did not fall in the wind. The Forecast Report on Residents’ Travel during the May 1 holiday in 2021 predicts that the passenger flow of railways, civil aviation and roads will reach about 250 million in the six days from April 30 to May 5. Among them, the passenger flow of popular railway passenger lines is expected to exceed the level of the same period in 2019. Previously, it was reported that during the 40-day Spring Festival travel rush Railway in 2019, the national railways sent a total of 410 million passengers.

　　"The main demand is booming. With the stability of epidemic prevention and control, there are more people with travel plans. " The reporter inquired about Ctrip’s travel, and a customer service said that it was difficult to buy tickets for May Day, and there were also some factors in the early stage. "This year, many people didn’t go home during the Chinese New Year, and they were ready to take advantage of &lsquo; May Day &rsquo; Go home to visit relatives or have a holiday. "

　　There were 7 trains from Chengdu to Beijing on May 5, and only 2 K-prefix trains have tickets.

　　Exploration 2

　　The holiday front is short and the pre-sale period is also compressed.

　　In addition to the strong demand for traveling to visit relatives, the reporter found that there are still some factors that have increased the difficulty of purchasing tickets on May 1 ST in disguise. For example, compared with Spring Festival travel rush, where there are dozens of days, the May Day holiday is shorter, and the pre-sale period of tickets is reduced from the previous 30 days to 15 days.

　　12306 official website suggested that the pre-sale period was shortened to 15 days.

　　"With &lsquo; Spring Festival travel rush &rsquo; Compared with &lsquo; May Day &rsquo; The small holiday time is shorter and it is more difficult to buy tickets. " Fu Yujing, who didn’t grab the May Day home ticket this year, said angrily. In addition, some people think that the compression of the pre-sale period of train tickets leads to more concentrated time for everyone to buy tickets, which is another reason for the difficulty of buying tickets on May 1.

　　The reporter noted that in order to cooperate with local governments to implement normalization measures for epidemic prevention and control, from January 29 this year, the pre-sale period of railway tickets (website, APP, window, sales outlets and other ticketing channels) was uniformly adjusted to 15 days. "It turns out that you can buy tickets 30 days in advance, and the time is relatively abundant. Generally speaking, everyone’s itinerary will be relatively variable, and people who buy tickets and refund will not be particularly crowded." Fan Shumin, an office worker, said that after the pre-sale period is changed to 15 days, everyone will be more cautious in making decisions and arrangements. "Almost all of them will determine the itinerary before buying tickets, which will easily lead to passengers buying tickets centrally." In addition, holidays are often the peak of passenger flow, and "it is very difficult to buy tickets."

　　“&lsquo; May Day &rsquo; Holidays have always been a peak of travel. " 12306 national railway customer service hotline customer service said. In response to the question whether the ticket "second light" is insufficient supply or too many people buy tickets, the answer is "too many people buy it".

　　Exploration three

　　Platform scalpers sell tickets at high frequency to buy tickets.

　　The interview also found that some ticketing services and "scalpers" also made it more difficult to buy tickets. At present, all major network platforms have launched a variety of ticketing services with different rules, and there are even six different grades of ticketing services with platforms.

　　Xiao Zheng plans to travel to Nanjing on May 1. "When I look at some third-party platforms, I usually have a ticketing service." Many platforms will launch "dual-channel ticketing", in which the "residual ticket monitoring channel" has been opened by default, while the "standby ticket purchasing channel" needs to enter the user name and password of the 12306 platform to complete the login.

　　"According to the platform, the speed of grabbing tickets can be described as &lsquo; You get what you pay for &rsquo; 。” Taking Ctrip as an example, Xiao Zheng found that the speed is divided into six grades: low speed, fast speed, high speed, extreme speed, light speed and VIP. Among them, there is no need to add money to grab tickets at low speed, but it shows that "ordinary networks are more difficult to grab tickets, and when there are too many people grabbing tickets, they need to queue up"; To grab tickets quickly, you should add 10 yuan, "give 5 power packages and enjoy the 20M fast network channel exclusively"; 50 yuan should be added to grab tickets at the speed of light, including "giving 25 power packages and enjoying the 500M speed of light network channel"; For VIP ticket grabbing, you can choose to pay 80 yuan or become a svip, "giving away 40 power packages and enjoying the exclusive server for 1000M ticket grabbing".

　　Ctrip. com, add money to grab a ticket back to Beijing on May 5.

　　In flying pig travel, the success rate of grabbing tickets is further quantified. Take the G5 train from Beijing South to Nanjing South on May 1st as an example. If you choose each express service in 20 yuan, the estimated success rate is 24.3%, each express service in 40 yuan, 25.8% and each light speed service in 60 yuan, 29.1%. "The difference between the types of ticketing services is not necessarily the speed of the network, but also the order of ticketing." The customer service said that the acceleration packages at different price points are mainly used to improve the queue ranking.

　　There are also some "scalpers" who are charging "dead eyes" to grab tickets. A "non-professional scalper" admitted that he didn’t have much stunts in grabbing tickets. "It’s similar to missing tickets. I’ve been watching when there are more tickets, so I quickly grabbed them."

　　"Whether it’s inviting friends to help speed up or paying for acceleration, it’s more just a gimmick." Bao Ran, deputy secretary-general of Zhongguancun Information Consumption Industry Alliance, said that high-frequency ticketing will increase the burden of the 12306 ticketing system, which may cause website paralysis, affect users’ normal ticket purchase, and even seriously constitute a crime of destroying computer information systems. "It is not only meaningless to spend money to grab tickets, but it may also cause privacy leaks."

　　first two sentences giving the theme in an eight-legged ( bagu 八股) essay (in the Ming and Qing dynasties)

　　Many lines have tried multiple schemes to add cars.

　　It is an option to solve the problem of "difficult to buy tickets" and travel, increase the number of trains and improve the capacity. In 2019, in Spring Festival travel rush, the national railways added more than 500 passenger trains every day on average. At that time, a daily travel map was implemented. Then, is it possible to add a car on May 1 this year? What should I do if I haven’t bought a ticket yet?

　　"Now all tickets are one-off, and they will not be sold out." A staff member of 12306 said that if you really didn’t buy a ticket, you can consider other trains with tickets. As for whether there is a problem of adding cars on May Day, he said that "no notice has been received".

　　However, the reporter found that in order to cope with the peak of "May 1" passenger travel, many routes have already added trains.

　　In the column of "Latest Developments" in 12306 official website, from April 29th, China Railway Chengdu Bureau Group Co., Ltd. added some trains; China Railway Shanghai Bureau Group Co., Ltd. also added some passenger trains from April 30, 2021 to May 8, 2021; China Railway Guangzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. opened Changsha South on April 30th, May 1st, May 5th and May 6th. Nanchang west G4312 passenger train; China Railway Hohhot Bureau Group Co., Ltd. also issued the announcement of adding some temporary passenger trains during the May Day holiday.

　　Additional trains were selected for some routes during the May Day holiday.

　　Shen Shijie, secretary of the Party branch of the ticketing workshop of Beijing Railway Station, said earlier that from the afternoon of April 30th to the morning of May 1st, tickets in all directions were very tight. "The overall train operation has gradually recovered, not reaching 100% before the epidemic, but we think it should be 90%. Later, we will also report the operation plan of new trains according to the passenger flow."

　　For passengers who haven’t bought tickets for the time being, 12306 customer service suggests that they can place a standby order and wait for others to change their tickets or refund their tickets. In addition, some customer service revealed that the railway system has a principle of giving priority to the sale of tickets from the starting station to the terminal station, suggesting that passengers can try to buy them. Or, you can choose other different transfer schemes, "so the probability of grabbing tickets is greater."

　　After a long recovery period since the international financial crisis in 2008, the global economy finally ushered in the largest range of growth acceleration in the past 10 years in 2017, which made people have more confidence when talking about the future of the global economy. With the coming of 2018, it has become a general consensus to be bullish on the global economy, and even some people think that the global economy is expected to enter a prosperous period in the new year.

　　Of course, in 2018, the global economy ushered in a year of continuing to overcome difficulties. Can the strong growth of global economy resist the "headwind" of trade protectionism? What new variables will the global economies face when the United States chooses the policy shift of "national priority"? What benefits will China’s economy, as the main engine, bring to the world? In 2018, opportunities and challenges coexist for the global economy.

　　The global economy has cut to a "fast growth block"

　　Protectionism "challenges" open cooperation

　　Compared with the caution and pessimism in the past few years, when looking forward to the global economic trend in 2018, many international institutions unanimously issued optimistic voices.

　　In the latest World Economic Outlook Report, the International Monetary Fund raised its global economic growth forecast by 0.1 percentage point to 3.7%. The World Bank predicts that the global economic growth rate will rise from 2.7% in 2017 to 2.9% in 2018. The report "World Economic Situation and Prospects in 2018" released by the United Nations recently also believes that the global economy will continue to grow in 2018.

　　"There are obvious signs of recovery in the global economy, and the basic cycle of economic growth has started. At present, the global economy is at the starting point of a new cycle. " Xu Hongcai, deputy chief economist of China International Economic Exchange Center, said in an interview with this reporter.

　　Confidence is largely due to the bright transcripts of the global economy exceeding expectations in 2017. Nearly 10 years after the international financial crisis in 2008, the global economy has finally changed from "slow crisis" to "fast growth". However, also in 2017, some problems emerged and became increasingly serious, which made people optimistic about the overall performance of the global economy in the new year while not being too optimistic.

　　A big worry is that in 2018, the global economy may not be able to avoid the head-on collision and contest between the two forces of open cooperation and protectionism.

　　Perhaps the biggest bad news for the global economy in 2017 is the fundamental "turn around" of the world’s largest economy. Since Trump, the new president, came to power, taking "American priority" as the basic position, the United States has successively "retired" from several multilateral mechanisms such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement and the Paris Climate Agreement, and tried to dominate the North American Free Trade Agreement and modify the rules of the World Trade Organization. The process of liberalization and globalization has encountered a strong "headwind".

　　"In 2018, protectionism will continue to be complicated. Facing emerging economies such as China &lsquo; Overtaking in corners &rsquo; The western developed economies feel that the competitive pressure is obviously rising, and they may take frequent shots or even join hands. At the same time, the multilateral trading system of the World Trade Organization will be challenged. " Chen Fengying, a researcher at the Institute of World Economics of China Institute of Contemporary International Relations, said in an interview with this reporter.

　　Xu Hongcai also believes that with the economic recovery of major developed economies in 2018, trade protectionism may be further strengthened.

　　In this regard, the International Monetary Fund, the Bank for International Settlements and other organizations have warned that once the global protectionist sentiment is further intensified, it will make it more difficult to coordinate global policies, thus dragging down global productivity and economic growth.

　　However, the advancement of some regional free trade negotiations has convinced people that open cooperation is still the irreversible mainstream of the global economy. In November 2017, the first leaders’ meeting of Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (RCEP) was held in the Philippines, and the Framework of RCEP Agreement was determined, which set a clearer direction for the negotiations officially launched in November 2012. Earlier, Japan and the European Union, two developed economies, also formally signed a free trade agreement.

　　"In 2018, further deepening international cooperation will remain the overall trend." Xu Hongcai said.

　　Chen Fengying also believes that although the international trade situation may face severe challenges and the risk of trade friction will increase in the new year, the actual international trade volume will not be greatly affected. "It can be seen that the overall trade volume of prosecution in the WTO is still very small."

　　China’s "engine" is still stable

　　"American priority" brings variables

　　The World Economic Situation and Prospects in 2018 released by the United Nations shows that in 2017, one third of the global economic growth depends on China. As the main driving force of global economic growth, China’s economy has performed outstandingly in the past year, providing the world with full positive energy.

　　In 2018, for the global economy, China’s economy will remain the "ballast stone" to inject confidence and the "main engine" to provide power.

　　A few days ago, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development raised their expectations for China’s economic growth in 2018. The latest research of many international organizations generally predicts that China’s economy will continue to maintain strong growth in 2018, and the continuous progress of economic stabilization and rebalancing will attract more overseas investors.

　　Some analysts believe that in 2018, China’s economy, which has entered a new era, is expected to achieve qualitative change in three dimensions, namely, the cycle evolution presents new resilience, the reform and opening up advances to a new depth, and global governance creates new opportunities.

　　"In 2018, China’s economy will operate within a reasonable range with little problem and full confidence. More attention will be paid to supply-side structural reform and quality improvement." Xu Hongcai believes that while maintaining steady growth, China’s economy will continue to exert its strength in the cultivation of kinetic energy and become a new bright spot. In addition, further deepening the reform and achieving remarkable results in the three major battles of preventing and resolving major risks, accurately getting rid of poverty and preventing and controlling pollution will also be an important point of view for China’s economy in 2018.

　　According to Obst Field, chief economist of the International Monetary Fund, "the good news of China will be good news for the whole world".

　　At the same time, as another important driving force of global economic growth, the United States may bring more variables to the world in the new year. In 2017, the US economy rebounded. In 2018, can this positive trend continue? The analysis believes that two factors will pose a challenge to the US economy, one is the uncertainty brought by the Trump administration’s economic policy, and the other is the potential policy risks that may be brought about by the gradual tightening of the Federal Reserve’s monetary policy.

　　At the end of 2017, the US Senate passed the largest tax reduction bill in 30 years, and the Federal Reserve also started to raise interest rates for the third time in the year. "The US tax reform will attract global capital to return to the United States and stimulate the US economy, so the US economy in 2018 will not be too bad compared with this year." Chen Fengying said.

　　Bank of America Merrill Lynch, the US investment bank, also predicted that the US economy will grow by 2.4% in 2018, higher than 2.2% in 2017. The tax reform plan will increase the US economic growth rate by 0.3 percentage points.

　　However, for the global economy, risks will follow. Bank of America Merrill Lynch believes that with the implementation of the US tax reform bill, the potential impact on US economic growth has begun to stand out. In the first quarter of 2018, the pace of the Fed’s interest rate hike may be further accelerated, and the US dollar index will fluctuate greatly, which means that emerging markets will face more uncertainties.

　　"There is no doubt that tax cuts and interest rate hikes in the United States will have an impact on global capital flows and industrial division of labor." Xu Hongcai said.

　　Chen Fengying believes that the economic policy shift of the Trump administration will further complicate the world economic relations in 2018.

　　At present, it seems that the only certainty that the United States will bring to the world in 2018 is that the Trump administration will make the United States more "self", and the global economy will face more uncertainty.

　　Developed economies continue to pick up.

　　Emerging economies accept challenges

　　For most western developed economies, 2017 is a relatively easy year.

　　In 2017, the recovery pattern of the United States "outshining others" turned to the growth of developed economies such as the United States, Europe and Britain. The euro zone has experienced the strongest expansion in the past 10 years, and European countries have gradually stepped out of the quagmire of the European debt crisis and ushered in long-lost common growth. Japan has gone further and further on the road of quantitative easing, and its economy has grown slightly. Reuters said that in 2017, the economic performance of the euro zone and Japan exceeded the forecast of the previous year.

　　"In 2018, the western economies as a whole will have a steady growth." Chen Fengying said.

　　HIS Markit, an international consulting firm, predicts that Europe will achieve an estimated economic growth of 2.2% in 2018. Thanks to export, domestic demand and infrastructure investment for the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games, Japan’s economic growth rate in the new year will reach 1.2%.

　　While the developed economies continue to pick up, the economies of emerging economies will usher in a more challenging year.

　　Some analysts believe that in 2018, emerging economies may face three challenges. First, under the background of the emergence of anti-globalization wave and the more complicated international trade environment, the trade and investment environment in emerging markets is more severe, which has a negative constraint effect on their economic growth; Second, emerging market countries themselves may face the risk of the spread of populism and extremism, and their political stability will be affected; Third, geopolitical risks remain high.

　　Statistics also show that there will be nearly 20 elections in emerging market countries in 2018, including large emerging market countries such as South Africa and Indonesia. JPMorgan Chase analysts also pointed out that in 2018, Latin America will usher in the most intensive calendar of political events in more than 10 years. Political factors may become an inestimable risk in investment in emerging markets.

　　However, all parties are still generally optimistic about the vitality of emerging economies. The International Monetary Fund predicts that the economic growth rate of emerging economies and developing countries will further rise to 4.9% in 2018, reaching a five-year peak. Among them, the contribution of emerging economies to global economic growth is expected to reach 77%, up 2 percentage points from 2017.

　　Hong Kong’s "South China Morning Post" published an article saying that investors in emerging markets will continue to be shaken in 2018, but they will not be disturbed. The rising trend of developing economies still exists and will continue to perform well.

　　"With the recovery of commodity prices such as oil and natural gas, emerging economies such as Russia and Brazil have benefited a lot. In addition, &lsquo; Belt and Road &rsquo; Construction will also provide more space for cooperation between emerging economies and developed economies. " Xu Hongcai said.

　　Chen Fengying also believes that, on the whole, emerging economies are still the main contributors to the global economy. "In 2018, this pattern will not change much."

During the Second World War, on January 11th, 1943, China, Britain and the United States signed the Treaty on Abolishing Britain’s Extraterritorial Jurisdiction in China and its Related Privileges, and the Treaty on Abolishing America’s Extraterritorial Jurisdiction in China and Dealing with Related Issues, which officially announced that Britain and the United States abolished their extraterritorial jurisdiction and other privileges in China. Soon, Belgium, Norway, Brazil, the Netherlands, Sweden and other countries successively cancelled their relevant privileges in China. As a result, China’s judicial sovereignty was recovered. After January 11th, it became the "Judicial Festival" of the Republic of China, both to commemorate and to promote the spirit of the rule of law.

Twenty-four years later, on January 11th, 1967, Xie Guansheng, a witness of China’s modern legal reform, a celebrity in the legal field and then the president of Taiwan Province’s "Judicial Court", said at the commemoration of the Judicial Festival in Taipei: "Sixty years ago, China began to reform the original legal and judicial system, and the motive at that time was to abolish the consular jurisdiction of outsiders … So all the reform measures at that time had to give up others as much as possible in order to meet the hopes of outsiders. China legal system, originally promoted as one of the five legal systems in the world, has its inherent advantages, so it has to give up completely. At that time, because he was single-minded and focused on recovering legal rights, he had his own difficulties and could not be criticized. However, today’s review seems to have been overkill. " Xie’s words, such as "giving up oneself and following others", "completely giving up one’s love", "having no choice but to make difficulties" and "overcorrecting", are quite heavy, which shows the profound introspection of a generation of legal professionals on the process of modern legal system reform in China. However, since the historical process of returning from heaviness to heaviness and returning from introspection to introspection has started, it is irreversible.

Ordinary people in Beijing during the Qing Dynasty

Since the beginning of modern times, with the western countries’ strong ships and strong guns, colonial conquest and trade exchanges, exchanges and interactions around the world have become increasingly frequent, and China is no exception. Since the late Qing Dynasty, the arrival of the "West" has gradually brought China into the world system. China’s modern legal system and judicial system are transplanted from the west, and the judicial officer must have some attributes of its origin; At the same time, China’s modern magistrates were born in China after all, and could not help but be influenced by China’s tradition and the reality at that time. In short, the modern legal professionals in China, including judicial officers, are the product of the interweaving and interaction of Chinese and Western factors, ancient and modern factors, old and new factors and so on.

As we all know, the world legal system since modern times can be roughly divided into Anglo-American legal system and European legal system. There are great differences between the judicial officers in the two legal system countries in terms of historical tradition, system design and reality. Since the late Qing Dynasty, China’s legal system reform has been far from Europe and close to France and Japan. Accurately speaking, China transplanted the European legal system through Japan.

If we take Japan, which transplanted the continental law system, as a reference, it is not difficult to find the similarities between Japanese (before World War II) judges and modern China judges. In Japan before World War II, although judicial officers enjoyed a high reputation in terms of knowledge and personality, they "actually belonged to the bureaucratic group" and lawyers were unreasonably placed under the supervision of prosecutors. Although among the legal professionals at that time, there were indeed many of them who were full of backbone, defended themselves and resolutely resisted improper interference, their efforts were often weak because of the lack of institutional guarantee, and they even had to pay a heavy price for it sometimes. Generally speaking, in Japan before World War II, the construction of the judicial system "took improving authority as the basic theme". This is consistent with Japan’s overall goal of strengthening the state bureaucracy and building a modern nation-state before World War II.

Since the modern judicial officer system in China was transplanted from the European legal system, many attributes of judicial officers in the European legal system were naturally inherited by China. In modern China, although the voice of "judicial independence" is very high, the judiciary is only a part of the political power and one of the many "yamen" in the country, whether in the establishment of the national system or in the actual operation process; Judicial officers serving in judicial institutions are actually no different from civil servants (civil servants) in other institutions except for their professional division of labor. This is basically the same as the situation of judicial officers in European legal system countries. Modern legal professionals in China mainly include judicial officers, lawyers and legal researchers. In fact, they do not constitute an interrelated legal community. Cai Shuheng, a jurist, believes that China’s "legislators, scholars, judges and lawyers are each part of the whole law" and their relationship should be "extremely close", but this is not the case at present. "Even if they don’t deny each other, at least it is not easy to find their proper relationship. Generally speaking, the attitude of scholars ignores the relationship between laws and regulations and society in principle, and they are either followers of French and precedent supremacy, that is, they are trapped in the desperate situation of self-first; When legislators make laws and regulations, the temptation of legislation seems to be greater than the stimulation of reality; The function of a judicial officer is nothing more than an institution that applies syllogism. The reconciliation between ideal and reality, the relationship between laws and regulations and life, and the balance between justice and utility are all irrelevant. As for lawyers, professional consciousness is the guiding principle of all actions, and the justice and interests of the society and the country are within the scope of not affecting personal interests.There is room for its existence. Therefore, the understanding and practice of law and law with China society as its content are inevitably different from each other. The law is the law, losing its inherent meaning and even losing its existence. " Obviously, there is a lack of real connection between various parts of the legal professional groups in China. From the source of legal system transplantation, the various components of legal professional groups in European legal system countries are also generally the same, which is "a combination of fragmented individuals"

In addition to inheriting many attributes of the European legal system, the situation in China in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China also profoundly influenced the individual and group of judicial officers. In modern China, "change" has become the most prominent dynamic feature. "Change" is first manifested in the change of political system. In the reform of the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty, especially in the late New Deal, the imitative constitutional reform was introduced, and the establishment of political system and related system were transplanted to the west as a whole, so the political system reform was unprecedented. It was in this historical context that the reform of laws and the establishment of new-type judicial institutions were initiated in the late Qing Dynasty, and the first batch of "new-type" judicial officers in modern China came into being. Based on the historical facts, it is not difficult to find that the first batch of new-type judicial officers came from two sources: criminal officers in the traditional era and new-type (study abroad) legal and political personnel.

Taking Tang Xuan, a criminal officer before and after the official system reform in the late Qing Dynasty, as a case, we can generally show how a traditional criminal officer turned into a modern judicial officer (judge) and his observations and feelings in the process. As a criminal officer, Tang Xuan personally experienced the process of setting up the Dali Court and the Ministry of Justice and the dispute between the Ministry and the Court. In this process, Tang himself also completed the transformation from a criminal officer to a judge. In the face of the judicial reform accompanied by the reform of the official system, Tang Xuan had little psychology and actions to take the initiative to deal with this change except consciously knowing some new knowledge of law and politics. After the reform of the official system, Tang Xuan, as a new judge, still belongs to the category of traditional criminal officials on the whole. His knowledge subject is still traditional jurisprudence, and judicial reasoning and trial methods have not changed much. It can be said that his body is new but his heart remains the same. This reflects the "old" path of the first batch of "new" judicial officers in modern China.

The first batch of modern judicial officers in China also had many new legal and administrative personnel, and "newcomers" and "new knowledge" were thus injected into the modern legal reform in China. Taking Huang Zunsan, a law student studying in Japan in the late Qing Dynasty as a case, the author focuses on his reading structure, old and new knowledge and daily life during his study abroad. The research shows that Huang’s reading includes three parts: foreign language, law major and daily reading, in which foreign language occupies a considerable part of time and energy. Even in daily reading, he often improves his foreign language level by reading foreign language newspapers and books. In addition, there are various club activities and making friends, which naturally squeezes the study time of law major. Huang’s preference for ancient books and self-cultivation books in his daily reading reflects how "new" the "newcomers" who have been trained in the new era and new environment are, and the old resources and factors may be beyond his previous imagination. Huang’s study of law was decided in the second half of the year, and it was a helpless choice, but it did provide a lot of new ideas and new horizons. His interest was in the public law fields such as constitution, administrative law and international law, which reflected the problems faced by students studying in Japan and their countermeasures.

On the basis of investigating individuals, this book also pays attention to the formation of judicial officers in the late Qing Dynasty. With the New Deal moving towards constitutionalism in the late Qing Dynasty, the separation of powers and judicial independence became one of the ideal prospects and practical directions of the New Deal reform. In the thirty-second year of Guangxu, the Qing government set up a new type of supreme judicial institution-Dali Court, from which a new type of judicial officers in China emerged. During the Xuantong period, the selection of judicial officers gradually embarked on the road of standardized examination and selection. After Xuantong’s two-year judicial examination, a large number of legal and political personnel joined the ranks of judicial officers. In Xuantong’s two or three years, a group of more than 1,000 judicial officers was formed, of which "newcomers" accounted for nearly half. The difference between the old and the new did exist in the group of judicial officers in the late Qing Dynasty, but in fact it was more about "new people are not new" and "old people are not old". Due to the system changes such as the New Deal and constitutionalism in the late Qing Dynasty, many traditional personnel have realized modern transformation, from "old people" to "new people", and most modern new judicial officers have been transformed from traditional criminal officers, candidates and other officials. Many judicial officers, who were originally responsible for resolving social disputes and maintaining the existing order, failed to do their jobs with peace of mind, and many became revolutionaries. From this point of view, the group of judicial officers in the late Qing Dynasty was rather "different in appearance and spirit" and only had its "shape". In the process of the formation of this group, it reflects how people inherit and transform in the process of China’s transformation from tradition to modernity, and how change and invariance coexist.

The "change" of modern China is also reflected in regime change. In the third year of Xuantong, the Revolution of 1911 broke out. In the revolutionary wave, the Republic of China was founded, the Qing emperor abdicated, and China entered OneRepublic. At the time of Dingge, the experience and feelings of Shen Jiaben, the key figure in China’s legal reform and the leader of the legal circles in the late Qing Dynasty, in the first year of the Republic of China were quite special. It contains a lot of information about the interaction between historical figures and the turning times, such as the frequent changes in the judicial center of the Qing court after the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911, many contradictions and conflicts in the handover of old and new regimes, the complicated face between the old and the new, and so on. As the leader of the legal circles in the former Qing Dynasty and the witness of regime change, Shen Jiaben felt not only the changes and disturbances of the current situation, but also the silence of a dying old man who "stopped dealing with politics" between the front and the back of the historical stage and the center and the edge, and cared about politics without participating, which provided a soothing and deep background for the historical changes at the time of Dingge Reform.

After the Revolution of 1911, China realized the regime change from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China. It is generally believed that the "revolution" is more of a compromise, so the continuity between the two regimes is obvious, especially the personnel system. Actually, not really. In areas that emphasize professionalism, such as the judiciary, under the face of inheritance, the hidden "revolution" quietly occurred. In the early years of the Republic of China, the judicial reorganization was mainly carried out when Xu Shiying, the chief justice, was appointed, and the appointment qualification of judicial officers was "those who graduated from law and politics for three years and had experience", which caused a large number of old-fashioned judicial officers to leave and a large number of new judicial officers to become judicial officers, and the personnel changes were great. Justice is a profession that emphasizes practical experience. The young people of law and politics who have just left school are in charge of judicial affairs, and there are many problems. In order to solve this problem, Xu Shi’s successors, Liang Qichao and Zhang Zongxiang, carried out judicial officer screening, aiming at selecting "qualified and competent talents" and achieved certain results. Undoubtedly, Xu Shiying’s reorganization measures are conducive to promoting judicial specialization and professionalization, and building a modern country ruled by law, which is also in line with the context of the times when it is difficult to "get rid of the old" but "get rid of the new" after the Ding Reform of 1911. The problem is that in the transitional period between the old and the new, we should not rush into it. The change of the times has its own elimination mechanism and transformation method for "old people". By the decade of the Republic of China, there were few traces of judicial "old people", which shows the speed of judicial personnel metabolism in the early years of the Republic of China.

Undoubtedly, the political changes in China have profoundly affected the progress of the legal system and judicial construction. Therefore, when it comes to the difficulties of the judicial construction of the Beijing government in the Republic of China, it is true that the academic circles mostly attribute them to external factors such as warlord interference, financial distress, and lack of talents. However, the internal problems of the legal profession are also worthy of attention. Focusing on Yu Shaosong, a judicial administrative official, we can generally show the relationship network, daily friends, professional awareness and other aspects of the legal profession during the Beijing government period, and also show the complex ecological change process inside and outside the judiciary: in the early stage of the Beijing government, the interference of military and political forces in the judiciary was not obvious or serious; In the middle and late period, with the imbalance of national civil and military structure, the transfer of central and local power, the separation of warlords and financial distress, the external ecology of the judiciary deteriorated seriously. The deterioration of external ecology not only leads to the serious obstruction of judicial operation, but also leads to the surge of internal undercurrents and "legal tides" in the system. It is worth noting that while emphasizing specialization, professionalism and community, the judicial system has gradually formed a relatively independent, autonomous (or closed) internal ecology, resulting in a variety of intertwined relationship networks, which are mostly not positive factors for the legal system construction. From this point of view, the judicial system of the Beijing government in the middle and late period can be described as "internal and external difficulties." In fact, this is also the embodiment of the political and social situation of the Beijing government in the middle and late period of the Republic of China in the judicial field.

In addition, the "change" of modern China is also reflected in many aspects, such as ideology, culture, society and so on. As the witness of this period of history, the individual judicial officers have all experienced and experienced the changes of modern China. From this point of view, it is a meaningful question how the changes of modern politics and legal system in China interweave and interact with the career path of legal professionals. Taking Xie Jian as an individual sample, it is not difficult to find many problems in the career path of modern judicial officers in China: the formation of personal relationship in the process of legal and political education and the role of this relationship in individual career; The impermanence of the coming and going of the judicial officer practitioners and the changeable occupation show that the judicial officer position is not attractive to legal persons; Wait a minute. Modern (western) knowledge of law and politics is more a tool for making a living, and most of them fail to give spiritual sustenance and inner belief to legal professionals. They seek their lives more from traditional culture. In a sense, their place to settle down is more Chinese and traditional.

China’s modern legal system reform profoundly shapes legal professionals. If viewed from the opposite direction, what about China’s modern legal system reform in the eyes of legal professionals? This is also a question of forgiveness. Taking Dong Kang and Xu Shiying, the witnesses of China’s modern legal system reform and legal celebrities, as cases, this paper shows that the direction and function of modern China’s legal system are changing, and there is a debate between "East and West" and "Left and Right". In their early years, they generally thought that the direction of China’s legal reform was towards the west, but in their later years, they paid attention to the East, and thought that the construction of China’s own legal system could not be separated from the support of "Han family’s heritage"; In their early years, they tended to use the legal system to transform China society, as an important means in the overall social project of pursuing Qiang Bing as a rich country and realizing national rejuvenation, but in their later years, they realized that the construction of the legal system could not be separated from the maintenance of the existing order. Of course, this change is closely related to the personal experience of legal professionals, the situation of the times, the international pattern and other factors.

Judging from the situation of European legal system countries, the design of China’s own judicial system after transplantation, and the actual situation in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, judicial officers are an integral part of the bureaucratic system in modern China. Since the late Qing Dynasty, especially after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, change has actually become the consensus of China’s intellectuals and political elites. The only difference is the way and the priority of change. Facing the grim situation at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the Qing court carried out the New Deal and sought to get rid of the crisis, which objectively promoted China to move from a traditional monarchy-cultural community to a modern nation-state. After the Ding Revolution in 1911, the government of the Republic of China continued this historical process. The legal system, judicature and the group of judicial officers are the components of this transformation and construction process. In other words, the national governance system, including the judiciary, must be reformed to build the legal system and judicial system needed by the modern nation-state. Only in this way can we survive in the world pattern of disputes among nations. From this point of view, whether consciously or unconsciously, the new judicial officers are the constructors (participants) of modern China.

In the eyes of the builders of the modern nation-state, the existing social folk customs in China are backward and must be reformed. Judicial reform is one of the important channels, and it is social, deep and indispensable. Therefore, as a judicial officer in the bureaucratic system of modern China, he becomes a reformer of social folk customs. However, as far as the legal profession is concerned, all kinds of contradictions, disputes and conflicts are solved through institutionalized and procedural channels in a stable environment and the existing order. The essence of the judicial officer profession is to confirm and maintain the existing order, and the judicial officer should be the defender of the existing order. Of course, this does not deny that laws should adapt to social changes. Therefore, Pound, a giant in western legal history, pointed out that "laws must be stable, but they cannot be static", which just illustrates the tension relationship between legal stability and change.

It is worth reminding that there is a clear difference between changing laws to adapt to social changes and transforming society with laws. The problem is that in modern China, most of the time, laws are used to transform society. Cai Shuheng, a jurist, refers to Chen. Since the late Qing Dynasty, the extreme significance of "strong political reform" is nothing more than two points: first, the old law is out of date, and it is a strong performance that the old law becomes a new law; The second is to promote the development of society through the role of new laws or to transform society with laws, and reminds: "The role of laws in promoting social development is relative, in other words, laws can only add fuel to the flames of social development, not make waves." What Cai said, from the opposite direction, shows that in modern China, laws are mostly used to transform society and promote social development. Under such a legal system, modern judicial officers in China naturally become reformers of social folk customs.

To sum up, in the historical stage of China, the judicial officer plays a triple role: the builder (participant) of the modern nation-state, the reformer of folk customs and the defender of the existing order. In fact, it is not easy to balance these three roles, and there will be contradictions or even violent conflicts from time to time, which has led to many legal and judicial problems in modern China. Because modern China is in a state of change as a whole, "unchanging" only has relative significance, so construction and transformation are absolute, while maintenance is relative. Therefore, the judicial officers in modern China can be described as "maintenance reformers".

(This article is excerpted from the conclusion of Li Zaiquan’s "Legal Professionals in a Changing Era: Individuals and Groups of Modern Magistrates in China", Social Science Literature Publishing House, March 2018. Authorized by The Paper, the original text is omitted, and the title is now drafted by the editor. )